Bolivia Passport

【 Country Name 】 Plurinational State of Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia).

【 Area 】 1.098 million square kilometers.

Population: 11.312 million. Native Americans account for 54%, Indo European mixed race people account for 31%, and white people account for 15%. The official languages are Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, and 36 other indigenous languages. Most residents believe in Catholicism.

[Capital] Government and Parliament Location: La Paz, with a population of 940000, an altitude of 3627 meters, and an average annual temperature of 14 ℃. Statutory capital (location of the Supreme Court): Sucre, with a population of 360000 and an average annual temperature of 21.8 ℃.

August 6th is Independence Day, also known as National Day.

【 Overview 】 Located in central South America, it is a landlocked country. It borders Brazil to the northeast, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. It belongs to temperate climate.

In the 13th century AD, it was part of the Inca Empire. In 1538, it became a Spanish colony and was historically known as Upper Peru. On August 6, 1825, it declared independence and was named the Bolivarian Republic in honor of the liberator Bolivar, later renamed the Republic of Bolivia. In 1835, it merged with Peru to form the Peru Bolivia Federation, which collapsed in 1839. In 1879, the Pacific War broke out with Chile, resulting in the loss of coastal territory and becoming a landlocked country. From 1932 to 1935, the Chaco War broke out with Paraguay, and after the defeat, a large area of territory was lost. In April 1952, the People's Armed Uprising broke out, and the leader of the nationalist revolutionary movement, Pas Edensoro, became president. Subsequently, there were frequent military coups and prolonged political turmoil. Democratic governance was restored in October 1983. From 2001 to 2005, Bolivia experienced political turmoil and had five successive presidents. In December 2005, the leader of the left-wing political party "Movement for Socialism", Morales, won the election and became the first indigenous president since the founding of Bolivia. In 2009, the country's name was changed to "Bolivia (Bolivia)".

In December 2005, Morales, the presidential candidate of the Socialist Movement, received 54% of the vote, becoming the first indigenous president in Bolivia's history. He was re elected in 2009 and 2014.

In October 2019, the controversial election results in Bolivia triggered a political upheaval, forcing President Morales to resign and seek political asylum in Mexico (later transferred to Argentina). Jeanine A ñ ez, the second deputy senator of Bolivia, announced her appointment as the "interim president". Bo held a new general election on October 18, 2020. The presidential candidate of the "Socialist Movement", Arse, won the first round with 55.1% support and held his inauguration ceremony on November 8th, serving until 2025. The ruling party's "Socialist Movement" won a majority of seats in the Senate and House of Representatives.

The first constitution was promulgated in 1826, and the current constitution was passed in a referendum in 2009. The Constitution stipulates that the national system is a republic, and both the President and Vice President are directly elected. The President's term of office is 5 years and he can be re elected once; Separation of powers among administrative, legislative, judicial, and multi-ethnic electoral institutions; Emphasizing multiethnicity and valuing the civil rights of Native Americans; Implementing an autonomous system in some regions; Adopting a composite economic model, the state plays an important role in the economy by restricting large-scale real estate and dual land ownership.

The multi-ethnic legislative assembly is composed of two houses of parliament. Elections are held every five years, coinciding with the presidential election. The House of Representatives has 130 seats and the Senate has 36 seats. The President of the Legislative Assembly is concurrently held by the Vice President. The current President of the Legislative Assembly is Vice President David CHOQUEHUANCA. The current Speaker of the Senate, Andr ó nico RODRIGUEZ, and Speaker of the House, Israel HUAYTARI.

The presidential cabinet system. The President is the Head of State, Head of Government, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. The cabinet members are as follows: Foreign Minister Celinda SOSA Lunda (female), Presidential Palace Minister Maria Nela PRADA Tejada (female), Interior Minister Carlos Eduardo Del CASTILLO, Defense Minister Edmundo NOVILLO Aguilar, Development Planning Minister Sergio Armando CUSICANQI Loayza, Economy and Finance Minister Marcelo Alejandro MONTENEGRO, Environment and Water Resources Minister Reuven Alejandro Mende Rub é n Alejandro M É NDEZ Estrada, Minister of Public Works and Housing Edgar Montanio Monta ñó, Minister of Justice and Legal Transparency C é sar Adalid SILES Baz á n, Minister of Rural Development and Land Juan FLORES, Minister of Oil and Gas Energy Alejandro Gallardo Valdivieso, Minister of Mines and Metallurgy Alejandro Santos Laura, Minister of Production Development and Multi Economy Nestor HUANCA, Minister of Environment and Water Resources Humberto LISPERGUER Rosales, Minister of Health and Sports Minister Mar í a Ren é e Castro Cusicanqui, Culture Minister Esperanza Guevara GUEVARA, female), Education Minister Omar V É LIZ Ramos, and Labor Minister Erland RODR Í GUEZ.

The country is divided into nine provinces, namely Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Tarija, and Santa Cruz provinces.

In November 2015, a new term of judicial judges was directly elected. Composed of 56 judges including the Grand Justices, Agricultural and Environmental Court Judges, Constitutional Court Judges, and members of the Judges' Committee, with the majority being indigenous judges. Currently, Ricardo Torres ECHALAR serves as the President of the Supreme Court, while Paul Enrique FRANCO Zamora serves as the President of the Constitutional Court. The Prosecutor General is elected by the multi-ethnic Legislative Assembly for a term of six years and cannot be re elected. The current Attorney General, Roger MARIACA Montenegro, will take office in October 2024.

The main political parties in the country are:

(1) The Movement for Socialism (Movimiento Al Socialismo), MAS）： Established in July 1997. Oppose neoliberal economy and economic globalization. The largest political force in the Bolivian parliament. The party chairman is former President Evo Morales.

(2) Comunidad Ciudadana: The largest opposition party alliance in parliament, formed in June 2014 through the merger of Unidad Nacional and Movimiento Dem ó crata Social, advocating for the protection of the interests of the middle class and the business community. The party is led by former Bolivian President Carlos Mesa.

(3) Creemos: The second largest opposition party alliance in parliament, established in January 2020, advocates for a neoliberal economic model, led by Luis Fernando Camacho, the Governor of Santa Cruz Province.

(4) Christian Democratic Party (Partido Dem ó crata Cristiano): Established in February 1954. Advocate reforming the existing economic model, maintaining social stability, and promoting production development. The leader of the party is former President Jorge Quiroga.

(5) The National Revolutionary Movement Party (Movimiento Nacional Revolutionario): established in 1941, mainly composed of intellectuals, workers, peasants, and petty bourgeoisie. Advocate for "revolutionary nationalism" and "class unity" to achieve true democracy through social change.

Other major political parties include Bolivia dice No, Nueva Fuerza Republicana, Frente de Unidad Nacional, Movimiento Bolivia Libre, Movimiento de Izquierda Revolutionaria, Alianza Social, and Partido Comunista.

Luis Alberto Arce Katacola: President. Born on September 28, 1963 in La Paz, Bolivia, a member of the MAS party. Obtained a Bachelor's degree in Economics from the University of St. Andrews, and later a Master's degree in Economics from the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. I worked at the Central Bank of Bolivia from 1987 to 2006, served as Minister of Economy and Finance from 2006 to 2017, and resigned due to illness from 2017 to 2018. In January 2019, after recovering from illness, he was appointed as the Minister of Economy and Finance again. He has served as a visiting professor at several universities, including the University of San Andreas. In January 2020, former President Morales announced that Ayatollah Djokovic, the former Foreign Minister and partner of the MAS party's presidential candidate, would win the 2020 election.

Glass is a world-renowned exporter of mineral products, with abundant mineral deposits such as lithium, tin, antimony, gold, silver, copper, iron, manganese, tungsten, zinc, etc. Since taking office, the Morales government has abandoned neoliberal economic policies, strengthened state intervention in the economy, promoted nationalization of pillar industries such as oil, gas, mining, telecommunications, and electricity, focused on promoting energy and mining production and infrastructure construction, increased investment in natural gas development, and pushed for land reform. The relevant measures have achieved positive results, with steady growth in fiscal and tax revenue and stable macroeconomic operation. In 2023, the gross domestic product of Bolivia will be 45.66 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 3.1%, and the annual inflation rate will be 2.12%. The inflation rate from January to September 2024 is 5.53%. The World Bank predicts that the economic growth of Bolivia in 2024 will be 1.4%. The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean predicts an economic growth rate of 1.7% for Bolivia in 2024. The International Monetary Fund's latest forecast for Bolivia's economic growth rate in 2024 is 1.6%. The Bolivian government estimates that the gross domestic product will grow by 3.71% in 2024.

Previous governments of Bolivia have attached great importance to developing foreign trade, especially encouraging exports to drive economic growth. Bolivia actively participates in the process of regional integration and has signed economic complementarity agreements with most Latin American countries. In recent years, Bolivia has vigorously expanded its natural gas export market and formulated a strategy aimed at becoming an energy supply base for the Southern Common Market. We currently maintain trade relations with over 80 countries and regions around the world. In 2023, the total foreign trade volume of Bolivia was 22.294 billion US dollars, including exports of 10.798 billion US dollars and imports of 11.496 billion US dollars. The main trading partners were Brazil, China, Argentina, India, Chile, and the United States. From January to August 2024, the total foreign trade volume of glass reached 12.424 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 17.2%; The foreign trade deficit was 379 million US dollars, including imports of 6.403 billion US dollars and exports of 6.021 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 14.6% and 19.7% respectively.

The military implements a compulsory military service system, and all male citizens who have reached the age of 18 must serve in the military for one year. Since 1995, the service period of military officers has been extended to 35 years. The total military strength of the three armed forces is 50000, and the total police force of the police force is 37000, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior.

In 2018, the illiteracy rate in Bolivia dropped to 2.4%. The number of students in public schools is 138000. The state implements compulsory education for children aged 6-12, but the infrastructure is relatively weak and funding is lacking. Famous universities include the University of San Francisco Javier and the University of San Andreas.

The main newspapers and magazines include: Daily News, with a circulation of 50000 copies; Responsibility Daily, with a circulation of 40000 copies; Rational Daily has a circulation of approximately 30000 copies; Time Daily has a circulation of approximately 25000 copies; News Newspaper, with a circulation of 40000 copies; Change Daily has a circulation of 12000 copies.

There are 135 television stations, including 22 in the capital city of La Paz. The national television station was founded in 1964 and has broadcasting stations in seven provinces including La Paz. There are also 9 private television stations and 3 cable and satellite television stations.

Bolivia adheres to an anti imperialist, anti colonial, anti hegemonic, independent, peaceful, and non aligned foreign policy, upholds national independence and sovereignty, adheres to the principles of equality among all countries, self-determination of peoples, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and peaceful resolution of international disputes. Focusing on poverty alleviation, climate change, and regional integration as diplomatic priorities, emphasizing regional diplomacy, pragmatic diplomacy, and diverse diplomacy, advocating diplomacy to serve economic development, and striving to enhance Bolivia's international status.

Member countries of the United Nations, the Non Aligned Movement, the World Trade Organization, the Group of 77, the Organization of American States, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, the Union of South American Nations, the Andean Community, the Rio de la Plata Organization, the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, and the Southern Common Market. Maintain diplomatic relations with over 130 countries.