Brazil Passport

The Federal Republic of Brazil, Rep ú blica Federativa do Brazil.

【 Area 】 8.5104 million square kilometers (Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics).

With a population of 213 million, it ranks first in Latin America and seventh in the world. Black and white mixed race people account for 45.35%, white people account for 43.46%, black people account for 10.17%, and yellow people and Native Americans account for 1.02%. The official language is Portuguese. About 50% of the residents believe in Catholicism, and 31% of the residents believe in Evangelical Christianity.

Bras í lia, the capital, has a population of 2.98 million (as of 2024) and an average annual temperature of 21 ℃.

[Head of State] President Luiz In á cio Lula da Silva. Appointed on January 1, 2023, with a term ending on December 31, 2026.

[Important holiday] September 7th, Independence Day, also known as Brazil's National Day.

【 Overview 】 Located in the eastern part of South America. It borders French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia to the north, Peru and Bolivia to the west, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The coastline is about 7400 kilometers long. 80% of the country is located in tropical regions, with the southernmost part having a subtropical climate. The northern Amazon plain belongs to the equatorial (tropical) rainforest climate, with an average annual temperature of 27-29 ℃. The central plateau belongs to the tropical grassland climate, with two seasons of drought and rain, and an average annual temperature of 18-28 ℃. The average annual temperature in the southern region is 16-19 ℃.

On April 22, 1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral arrived in Brazil. In the 1630s, the Portuguese expeditionary force established a colony in Brazil and appointed a governor in 1549. In 1808, Napoleon invaded Portugal and the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil. In 1821, the Portuguese royal family moved back to Lisbon, with Prince Pedro Liuba serving as regent. On September 7, 1822, Prince Pedro declared independence and established the Brazilian Empire. On November 15, 1889, General Fonseca launched a coup, overthrew the monarchy, and established the United States of Brazil. On March 31, 1964, a military coup came to power and implemented dictatorship. In 1967, the country was renamed the Federative Republic of Brazil. In January 1985, the opposition party won the indirect presidential election, ending military rule. In 1989, the first general election was held through direct universal suffrage. In October 2002, candidate Lula of the left-wing political party alliance led by the Labor Party won the general election, becoming the first directly elected left-wing president in Pakistani history. In October 2006, Lula won re-election. In October 2010, Dilma Rousseff won the election as the candidate of the Labor Party, becoming the first female president in Brazilian history. She was re elected in October 2014. On May 12, 2016, President Rousseff temporarily resigned due to an impeachment case, and Vice President Temer became Acting President and formed an interim government. On August 31, 2016, President Rousseff was impeached by Congress and Temer took over as president. In October 2018, Brazil held presidential elections, and Social Liberal Party candidate Bolsonaro was elected as the new president, taking office on January 1, 2019. In October 2022, Lula won the general election again as a candidate of the Labor Party and took office on January 1, 2023.

The first imperial constitution was established in 1882. On October 5, 1988, the eighth constitution in Brazilian history was promulgated, which stipulated that the president was directly elected for a term of five years and abolished the power of the president to issue decrees directly. In terms of civil rights, the Constitution guarantees personal freedom, cancels press censorship, stipulates that strikes are legal, and citizens over the age of 16 have the right to vote. In 1994 and 1997, the parliament passed constitutional amendments that shortened the presidential term to four years, allowing the president, as well as states and mayors, to be re elected once.

The parliament is the highest authority of the country. The main function is to formulate federal laws; Determine the composition and strength of armed forces during peacetime; Develop national and regional development plans; Announce a general amnesty; Authorize the President to declare war or peace; Approve visits by the President and Vice President; Approve or revoke temporary decrees, federal interventions, or martial law orders signed by the President; Review presidential and government administrative expenditures; Approve the President's signing of international treaties; Deciding to temporarily relocate the capital, etc.

The Congress is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Speaker and Vice Speaker of both houses are re elected every two years, and members of the same term cannot be re elected. The Senate President also serves as the President of Congress. There are 81 senators, 3 from each state, with a term of 8 years, and 1/3 or 2/3 are re elected every 4 years. There are 513 members of the House of Representatives, with a term of 4 years, and the number of seats is determined according to the population ratio of each state, but not exceeding 70 and not less than 8. The current Speaker of the Senate, Rodrigo Pacheco (Democratic Socialist Party), was re elected in February 2023 and will serve until February 2025. The current Speaker of the House, Arthur Lira (Progressive Party), was re elected in February 2023 and will serve until February 2025.

After the general election on October 2, 2022, the seats of the major political parties are as follows: