Brunei Passport

【 Country Name 】 Brunei Darussalam.

【 Area 】 5765 square kilometers.

Population: 450000 (2023). Among them, Malays account for 73.5%, Chinese account for 9.5%, and other races account for 17%.

【 Language and Religion 】 Malay is the national language, English is commonly used, and Mandarin is widely used by Chinese people. Islam is the state religion, and there are other religions such as Buddhism and Christianity.

Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital city, is located in the Brunei Mora district, with an area of 100.36 square kilometers and a population of approximately 240000. Since the 17th century, it has been the capital of Brunei and was originally called "Brunei City". It was renamed on October 4, 1970.

The country is divided into four districts: Brunei Muara, Belait, Tutong, and Temburong.

Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, the head of state, succeeded to the throne on October 5, 1967.

Independence Day: January 1st. National Day: February 23rd. Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah's birthday: July 15th. Brunei is a Muslim country, and Eid al Fitr is its grandest festival, with an annual date determined according to the Islamic calendar.

【 Overview 】 Located in the northwest of Kalimantan Island, it borders the South China Sea to the north and the state of Sarawak in Malaysia to the southeast, west, and east. It is separated into two parts by the state of Sarawak's Limbang. The coastline is about 162 kilometers long, with 33 islands. The coast is plain, while the interior is mountainous. It belongs to the tropical rainforest climate, with hot and rainy weather throughout the year. The average annual temperature is 28 ° C.

Formerly known as mud. Islam was introduced in the mid-14th century and the Sultanate was established. At the beginning of the 16th century, China's national strength was at its strongest. Since the mid-16th century, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Britain, and other countries have successively invaded. In 1888, it became a British protectorate. It was occupied by Japan in 1941. In 1946, Britain regained control over Brunei. In 1971, it signed a contract with the United Kingdom and gained autonomy except for diplomatic and defense affairs. Fully independent on January 1, 1984.

Brunei officially declared the Malay Islamic Monarchy (MIB) as its national manifesto since its independence on January 1, 1984. Its connotation is: the state maintains the dominant position of Malay language, culture, and customs, promotes Islamic law and values throughout the country, and the royal family holds supreme status. This program recognizes Islam as the state religion of Brunei and opposes the separation of church and state.

The first constitution was promulgated on September 29, 1959. The constitution was amended twice in 1971 and 1984. The constitution stipulates that Sudan is the head of state and religious leader, with all state powers including legislation, administration, and judiciary. The country has five committees, namely the Religious Council, Privy Council, Council of Ministers, Legislative Council, and Council of Succession, to assist in the governance of Sudan. The third constitutional amendment in 2004 covered various aspects such as political system, judiciary, religion, and customs, with a total of 13 items, including granting Sudan the power to issue emergency decrees and other laws without the consent of the Legislative Council; Formulate election laws to allow people to participate in politics; Islam is the state religion, but people have freedom of religious belief; Malay is the official language, and English can be used as the language of court proceedings.

The parliament held elections in 1962. In 1970, elections were cancelled and parliamentarians were appointed by Sudan. In February 1984, Sudan announced the termination of the Legislative Council and enacted legislation in the form of Sudanese Hadith. In 2004, Sudan announced the restoration of the Legislative Council. In January 2023, Sudan appointed members of the current Legislative Council. Speaker Rahman has been re elected, with a total of 34 members including cabinet members such as Sudan and Crown Prince Bira, representatives from various districts and counties, and social elites.

On December 1, 1988, Sudan announced the formation of a government. In January 1989, May 2005, May 2010, October 2015, January 2018, and June 2022, Sudan reorganized its cabinet.

The current cabinet members are as follows: Sudan concurrently serves as Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, Minister of Finance and Economy, and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Crown Prince Haji Al Muhtadee Billah, Crown Prince and Senior Minister of the Prime Minister's Office, Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Setia Bakti Di Raja Dato Laila Utama Haji Awang Isa bin Pehin Datu Perdana Manteri Dato Laila Utama Haji Awang Ibrahim, and Pehin Udana Khatib Dato Paduka Seri Setia Ustaz Haji Awang Badaruddin bin Pengarah Dato Padukah, Minister of Religion. Haji Awang Othman, Pehin Datu Lailaraja Major General (Rtd) Dato Paduka Seri Haji Awang Halbi bin Haji Mohd Yussof, Minister of Health Dato Paduka Dr Haji Mohd Isham bin Jaafar, Minister of the Prime Minister's Office and Minister of Finance and Economy, Dato Seri Paduka Dr Awang Haji Mohd Amin Liew bin Abdullah; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dato Seri Paduka Erywan bin Pehin Datu Pekerma Jaya Haji Mohd Yusof; Minister of Interior, Dato Seri Paduka Haji Ahmaddin Haji Abd Rahman; Minister of Primary Resources and Tourism, Dato Seri Paduka Dr Hj Abd Manaf Hj Matusin; Minister of Development, Dato Paduka Hj Mohd Juanda Hj Abd Rason HID, Minister of Education Datin Seri Paduka Dr Hjh Romaizah Hj Mohd Salleh, Minister of Transport and Information Communications Pg Hj Shamhary Pg Dato Hj Mustafa, Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports Hj Nazmi Hj Mohammad. There are also 6 deputy ministers.

The judicial system is based on English common law. Generally, criminal cases are tried in the courts of appeal or intermediate courts, more serious cases are tried in the higher courts, and civil cases can ultimately be appealed to the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. The Supreme Court is composed of the Court of Appeal and the High Court, and the current Chief Justice Dato Paduka Steven Chong Wan Oon is Brunei's first native Chinese Chief Justice. Establish an Islamic court to handle cases that violate Islamic teachings, with Dato Paduka Seri Setia Ustaz Awang Haji Salim Bin Awang Haji Besar as the current Chief Justice of the Islamic court. The first phase of Islamic criminal law has been implemented since May 2014, and the second and third phases of Islamic criminal law have been implemented since April 3, 2019. The current Attorney General, Haji Ahmad Pehin Dato Haji Isa.

[Important Figures] Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah: Sultan, Head of State, Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Minister of Finance and Economy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Supreme Commander of the Royal Armed Forces, five-star general, and Chief Inspector of the Royal Police Force. Mastering legislative power. Born in July 1946 in Bandar Seri Begawan. He received palace education in China during his childhood and attended Victoria College (secondary school) in Kuala Lumpur in 1959. In 1961, he was conferred the title of Crown Prince. In 1966, he received training at the Royal St. Hurst Army College in the United Kingdom and was awarded the rank of captain. On October 5, 1967, he succeeded as the 29th Sultan after his father abdicated, and was crowned on August 1 of the following year.

Crown Prince Al Mutadi Bira: the eldest son of the Sultan and the Sultan. Born in February 1974 in Bandar Seri Begawan. In his early years, he received palace education in China and studied Islam, Brunei history, politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy at Brunei Polytechnic University, Brunei University, and Oxford University in the UK. Afterwards, I extensively studied in Brunei government departments and enterprises to understand Brunei's national conditions and the operation of government departments, and to cultivate my ability and experience in governing the country. He was crowned Crown Prince in August 1998. In March 2004, he was appointed as a four-star general in the Royal Armed Forces. In July 2004, she married Sarah, the daughter of the royal family. In May 2005, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief Inspector of the Royal Brunei Police Force, and in May of the same year, he was appointed as a Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office during a cabinet reshuffle. In January 2018 and June 2022, the cabinet was reshuffled, and Bira continued to hold the position.

Brunei's economy is mainly based on the oil and gas industry, with underdeveloped non oil and gas industries such as manufacturing, construction, finance, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. In recent years, the growth of the cultural economy has gradually recovered. In 2023, the gross domestic product of China will be 18.96 billion yuan at constant prices, a year-on-year increase of 1.4%.

In order to break free from the constraints of a single economy, the Wen government has vigorously developed downstream industries such as oil and gas, Islamic finance and halal industries, logistics and communication technology industries, and tourism in recent years. It has increased investment in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and infrastructure construction, actively attracted foreign investment, and promoted diversified economic development.

In 2016, in order to accelerate the attraction of foreign investment and further promote diversified economic development, the Brunei government carried out a series of reforms, established a one-stop service platform, and optimized and reduced various administrative approval and decision-making processes. Newly established Darul Enterprise (DARe) and established the Foreign Direct Investment Action and Support Center (FAST Center) to provide more comprehensive and rapid services for foreign investors.

The currency of Brunei is the Brunei dollar, which is pegged to the Singapore dollar at a 1:1 exchange rate, with 1 US dollar equivalent to 1.33 wen yuan.

The cultural and industrial foundation is weak, the economic structure is single, and the main focus is on oil and gas extraction and production. On the one hand, the Brunei government actively explores new oil and gas areas, and on the other hand, implements a policy of restraint on oil and gas extraction. According to the BP World Energy Statistical Yearbook, Brunei's oil production in 2021 was approximately 5.2 million tons, with a daily output of approximately 107000 barrels; The natural gas production is about 11.5 billion cubic meters. As of the end of 2020, Brunei has discovered oil reserves of 1.1 billion barrels; The natural gas reserves are 300 billion cubic meters, accounting for 0.1% of the global total.

The foundation of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries is weak. In 2016, Sudan proposed the strategic goal of self-sufficiency in rice production. At present, enterprises from China, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and other countries have participated to varying degrees in the trial of rice cultivation projects.

The forest coverage rate is 72.11%, of which forests account for about half of the land area. Restrictions on forest logging and timber exports have been implemented, with a policy of "cutting down one tree and planting four trees" and an annual logging quota of 100000 cubic meters, mainly to meet the needs of the domestic market.

Wen has a coastline of 162 kilometers and abundant fishery resources, but the fishery output value accounts for less than 1% of the gross domestic product, and 50% of the domestic market demand relies on imports. The Wen government encourages foreign investment to enter and cooperate with local companies in fisheries and aquaculture.

Tourism is one of the priority areas that Brunei has vigorously developed in recent years. The Brunei government has taken multiple incentive measures to attract tourists to travel to Brunei. The main tourist attractions include the Water Village, Royal Exhibition Hall, Mosque, Tambulong National Forest Park, etc. In 2022, there were approximately 664000 international tourists traveling to Wenzhou.

Transportation: As of 2022, the total length of highways in China is approximately 38000 kilometers. The main residential areas are connected by modern road networks, making it one of the countries with a high proportion of private cars in the world. Public transportation is underdeveloped. In June 2016, a Chinese company completed and opened the Trise Rumu Expressway, which was constructed by Wen Jian, with a total length of 18.6 kilometers. In May 2018, the Great Mora Island Bridge, constructed by a Chinese company, was opened to traffic. In November 2019, the Tambulong Bridge, jointly constructed by Chinese and Korean companies, was completed and officially opened to traffic on March 17, 2020. The total length of the bridge is about 30 kilometers, making it the longest sea crossing bridge in Southeast Asia. It shortens the travel time from Tambulong District and Brunei Mora District from 2 hours to about 15 minutes. In July 2020, it was officially named the Sultan Sefuddin Bridge.

Water transportation: The Mora Deepwater Port covers an area of 24 hectares, with a terminal length of 861 meters, 8 berths, a water depth of 12.5 meters, and an 87 meter long aggregate terminal, with an annual throughput of nearly 120000 containers. Sri Bagawan City has a 93 meter long commercial dock, 141 meter long berths for naval and government vessels, and a 40 meter long passenger dock. Malay Yigang can accommodate 2 ships, with a cargo warehouse of 744 square meters and an open-air storage yard of 1837 square meters. There are also two ports, Silia and Lumet, mainly used for exporting oil and natural gas.

Air freight: There is an international airport in the capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Royal Brunei Airlines has multiple weekly direct flights to ASEAN countries, Australia, the Middle East, China (Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanning, Kunming, Haikou, Changsha, Hong Kong, Taipei) and other countries and regions. In addition, codeshare routes have been opened with airlines such as China Eastern Airlines and Hong Kong Airlines. On October 1, 2013, the new shipping hall was completed. At the end of 2014, the number of passengers that the airport could accommodate increased to 3 million.

Foreign trade mainly exports crude oil, petroleum products, and liquefied natural gas, while importing machinery and transportation equipment, industrial products, food, pharmaceuticals, etc. According to official statistics from Brunei, the total import and export trade volume in 2023 is 25.15 billion Brunei dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 22.1%. Among them, exports amounted to 15.1 billion wen and imports amounted to 10.05 billion wen. The main trading partners of Wen are Singapore, China, and Australia. The main export markets are Singapore, Japan, and China, while the main import sources are Malaysia, China, and Saudi Arabia. The main export markets for crude oil are Australia, India, and Thailand; The main export markets for natural gas are Japan, China, and Malaysia. The Hengyi Brunei PMB project is a multi million ton integrated refining and chemical project jointly funded and operated by Zhejiang Hengyi Group of China and the Brunei government. It is the largest industrial investment project in Brunei to date, with a first phase investment of 3.45 billion US dollars, covering an area of 370 hectares, and an annual crude oil processing capacity of 8 million tons. It was completed and put into operation in November 2019 with stable operation. In 2021, 8.83 million tons of crude oil and auxiliary materials were processed, achieving a total sales value of 5.3 billion US dollars and accounting for 7.5% of Brunei's GDP, making important contributions to Brunei's economic recovery and diversified development.

On May 31, 1961, the Brunei Malay Army was established and renamed the Royal Brunei Regiment in May 1965. The command of the army had long been under British control. After independence in 1984, it was renamed the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, consisting of five parts: Army, Navy, Air Force, Support Command, and Training Academy. In 2009, the Support Command was disbanded and a Joint Forces Command was established. The cultural army is mainly composed of the army, navy, and air force, joint force headquarters, and training institutes. The article implements a voluntary military service system. Sudan is appointed as the Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, a five-star general, while the Crown Prince and Senior Minister of the Prime Minister's Office, Bira, is appointed as a four-star general. In March 2022, Hazimi was appointed as the Commander of the Armed Forces. The total force is about 6000 people, including about 4000 in the army, 1300 in the navy, and 700 in the air force. There is also a Gurkha reserve force (Nepalese mercenaries) of about 2000 people.

The government implements free education and subsidizes study abroad expenses, while English and Chinese private schools raise funds themselves. There are more than 240 schools in total, including over 170 public schools and over 70 private schools. The education level of civil servants is relatively high, with a literacy rate of 96.1% for females over the age of ten and 98.2% for males.

The government attaches great importance to the living environment and medical services of the people, providing free medical care to citizens, including free medical treatment abroad when necessary, and only charging symbolic fees to permanent residents and foreign employees and their families in government departments. The healthcare system is divided into four levels: health clinics, health centers, medical centers, and hospitals. There are currently six hospitals in total.

The main English newspapers are the Borneo Bulletin and the Malay newspaper PERMATA. The Malaysian Chinese newspapers, United Daily News, Shihua Daily, and Sing Tao Daily, have a Brunei news section and are distributed in Brunei.

We adhere to a foreign policy of non alignment and friendship with other countries in our foreign relations. Advocate that countries, regardless of their size or strength, should respect each other. Joined the United Nations on February 24, 1984, and valued the role of the United Nations. Joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade on December 9, 1993, and became a member of the World Trade Organization on April 15, 1994. On January 7, 1984, it became the sixth member state of ASEAN and has close relations with other ASEAN countries. Regard ASEAN as the cornerstone of diplomacy and advocate achieving regional stability, prosperity, and unity through ASEAN. From July 2006 to July 2009, served as the coordinator of China ASEAN relations. As a member of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM), we attach great importance to maintaining regional peace, security, and stability, and hold a positive attitude towards regional economic cooperation. We advocate for countries to implement trade and investment liberalization and engage in economic and technological cooperation. It is believed that the changes in the international situation in recent years have had a profound impact on international relations, and the United Nations and regional organizations should play a role in maintaining peace, stability, and promoting development. We support the reform of the United Nations and hope to strengthen its status and role, improve its efficiency and vitality through reform. We believe that the reform of the Security Council should listen more to the voices of small and medium-sized developing countries and increase their representation. Value relations with major countries such as China, the United States, and Japan. Actively developing relations with Islamic countries is a member state of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. It is a member state of international organizations such as the Commonwealth and the Non Aligned Movement. Served as the rotating chair of ASEAN in 2013 and 2021.

At present, Brunei has established diplomatic relations with 172 countries and has set up 42 diplomatic missions (embassies, high commissions, and consulates general). There are consulates general in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Sabah, Sarawak, Malaysia, and Hong Kong, China. There are permanent missions at the United Nations headquarters in New York and Geneva. Brunei's Permanent Representative to Japan and abroad also serves as the Permanent Representative to the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The Ambassador to Belgium also serves as the Permanent Representative to the European Union and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (FMCW).