Chad Passport

The Republic of Chad, La R é publique du Chad

【 Area 】 1.284 million square kilometers.

Population: 18.28 million (2023, data from the World Bank). There are 256 ethnic groups in the country. The residents in the north, middle and east are mainly the Berber, Vadayi, Tubu and Bajirmi of Arab origin, accounting for about 45% of the national population; The residents in the south and southwest are mainly Sala, Massa, Cotoko and Mondang, accounting for about 55% of the national population. The official languages are French and Arabic. Southern residents commonly use the Sarah language of the Sudanese language family, while northern residents commonly use the Chadianized Arabic language. 58% of residents believe in Islam, 18% believe in Catholicism, 16% believe in Protestantism, 4% believe in primitive religions, and the rest believe in other religions or do not believe in any religion.

N'Djamena, formerly known as Fort Lamy, was renamed to its current name on September 5, 1973. The population is approximately 1.77 million. The highest temperature is 42 ° C (April) and the lowest is 14 ° C (December).

Head of State: Mahamat Idriss Deby Itno

Independence Day (National Day): August 11th.

【 Overview 】 Located in central Africa, on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, it is a landlocked country. It borders Sudan to the east, Central Africa and Cameroon to the south, Nigeria and Niger to the west, and Libya to the north. The northern region has a desert or semi desert climate, the central region has a Sahel tropical grassland climate, and the southern region has a tropical savanna climate, with high temperatures and heat throughout the year. Except for the northern plateau mountains, the average annual temperature in most areas is above 27 ° C, with the northern region reaching up to 29 ° C. The early inhabitants were the Sa'ao people, and the 'Sa'ao culture' is an important component of the African cultural treasure trove. From the 9th to the 17th century AD, various Muslim kingdoms were established, including the Kingdom of Ganem Bornu, the Kingdom of Vadai, and the Kingdom of Baghirmi. In 1902, it became a French colony, and in 1910, it became a territory of French Equatorial Africa. In 1911, part of the territory was ceded to Germany in exchange for Germany's recognition of the French "protection" of Morocco. Returned to France after World War I. It became a French overseas territory in 1946. In early 1957, it became a "semi autonomous republic". On November 28, 1958, it became an "autonomous republic" within the French Community. On August 11, 1960, independence was declared and Fran ç ois Tombalbaye became the head of state. In April 1975, Malum launched a military coup and established a military government. In 1978, the anti-government armed forces in Gukuni launched a large-scale attack. In 1979, Malum was forced to resign, and since then, the regime has undergone several changes and the political situation has remained turbulent. In June 1982, Habr é captured the capital and became president. In April 1989, the Commander in Chief of the Chadian Armed Forces, Idriss Deby Itno, and others broke away from Habr é and established the Patriotic Salvation Movement (ASL) in March 1990. In December of the same year, D é by overthrew the Habr é regime and became the Chairman of the State Council (interim government) and Head of State. He became the President on March 4, 1991.

After Dai Bi came to power, a multi-party system was implemented. In early 1993, the highest national conference attended by all parties was held to establish a transitional mechanism. In March 1996, a national referendum was held to pass a new constitution. The presidential election will be held in June, and Deby will win. In the legislative elections held in March 1997, the Love Life Movement won an absolute majority in the parliament. Dai Bi was re elected as president four times in 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016. According to the preliminary results of the presidential election announced on April 19, 2021, Dai Bi won the first round with 79.32% of the vote and was originally scheduled to be re elected as president for the fifth time. On April 20th, Deby was injured and died while supervising the front line. The Chadian military has established a military transition committee led by General Mohamed, the son of Deby and the director of the National Security Agency, and entered an 18 month transition period. In October 2022, the transitional government will extend the transition period and enter the second phase, with Mohammed serving as the transitional president. In May 2024, the presidential election was successfully held in Chad, with Mohammed serving as the president and appointing the then ambassador to China, Haruna, as the prime minister.

In the early days of Deby's rule, the political situation in Chad remained stable. In 2004, Chadian anti-government forces resumed their activities in the border area between Chad and Sudan, and subsequently launched two attacks on the capital, both of which were repelled by government forces. In May 2009, the Chadian government army dealt a heavy blow to anti-government armed groups, and the domestic situation regained stability. In January 2015, after Chad announced a joint effort with Nigeria and Cameroon to combat the regional terrorist organization Boko Haram, the security situation in Chad became increasingly tense. Multiple suicide bombings occurred in the capital city of N'Djamena in June and July of that year, causing multiple casualties. Since the beginning of 2019, Boko Haram has launched multiple attacks on Chad, causing multiple casualties. In January 2019, the Chadian anti-government armed forces launched their largest operation since 2008, but were later defeated. In April 2021, the Chadian rebel forces entrenched in Libya launched an attack on the northern region of Chad. Dai Bi personally led heavy troops to clear the area, but was injured and killed by the rebel forces. Afterwards, the French army supported the Chadian side in launching continuous air and ground strikes against the Chadian anti-government armed forces, causing them to suffer heavy losses.

After Deby's death, Chad issued the Transitional Charter. The constitution stipulates that the leadership structure of the transitional state shall be composed of the Military Transitional Council, the National Transitional Council, and the Transitional Government. The transition period is 18 months, which can be extended once with the approval of a majority vote of the members of the National Transitional Council. The Transitional Charter became invalid after the new constitution was passed in a referendum. In June 2023, Mohammed approved a new constitution draft that designed the national structure in the form of a unitary government, lowered the minimum age for presidential candidates from 40 to 35 years old, and required candidates to be born, reside in Chad, and have parents of Chadian nationality; The term of office for each president is 5 years, and they can be re elected once. In December 2023, the new constitution draft was successfully passed in a referendum with 85.9% of the vote.

The National Assembly is the highest legislative body with 188 seats and a term of five years. The previous National Assembly was elected in February 2011, with Haroun Kabadi as the Speaker. The seats held by the major parties in the National Assembly are as follows: 118 seats for the Patriotic Movement, 9 seats for the Democratic Progressive Alliance, 4 seats for the Republican Action Front, 7 seats for the National Alliance for Development and Reform, 4 seats for the VIVA faction of the Democratic Progressive National Alliance, 8 seats for the Innovation and Democracy Alliance, and 8 seats for the National Democratic Alliance. In April 2021, after Deby's death, Mohammed became the head of state and announced the dissolution of parliament. In September 2021, Zha announced the establishment of the National Transitional Council (CNT) to assume the functions of the National Assembly.

On May 27, 2024, the Chadian Presidential Office announced the list of 36 new government members, including the Prime Minister, 6 Ministers of State, 19 Ministers, 2 Ministerial level Representatives, 7 Secretaries of State, and 1 Deputy Secretary General of the Government. They are: Prime Minister Allah Maye Halina, Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs, African Integration, Overseas Chinese and International Cooperation, and Government Spokesperson Abderaman Koulamallah, Minister of State and Minister of Justice and Human Rights, Minister of the Seal Abderahim Breme Hamid, Minister of State and Minister of Higher Education, Research and Career. Training Department Director Tom Erdimi, Limane Mahamat, Minister of State and Minister of Land Management and Decentralization; Amina Priscille Longoh, Minister of State and Minister of Women and Children; Tahir Hamid Nguilin, Minister of State and Minister of Finance, Budget, Economy and Planning; Mamadou Boukar Gana, Minister of National Education and Civic Promotion; Abdelmadjid Abderahim Mahamat, Minister of Public Health; Patalet Kanabe Marcelin, Minister of Water Resources and Energy; and Fatime Boukar Kossei, Minister of Action, National Solidarity and Humanitarian Affairs, Minister of Defense, Veterans and War Victims Affairs Issakha Maloua Djamou, Minister of Public Safety and Immigration Ali Ahmat Akhabache, Minister of Environment, Fisheries and Sustainable Development Hassan Bakhit Djamou, Minister of Infrastructure, Connectivity and Road Maintenance Aziz Mahamat Saleh, Minister of Petroleum, Mines and Geology Ndolenodji Alix Naimbaye, Minister of Territorial Consolidation, Urbanization and Housing Development Asileck Assileck Mahamat Halata, Minister of Public Service and Social Consultation Abdoulaye Mbodou Mbami, Boukar Michel, Minister of Communications, Digital Economy and E-Government, Fatime Goukouni Weddeye, Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation and National Meteorology, Abderahim Awat, Minister of Livestock and Animal Products, Kedha Balla, Minister of Agricultural Production and Industrialization, Abakar Rozzi Teguil, Minister of Tourism Development, Culture and Handicrafts, Abakar Djarma, Minister of Youth and Sports, and Guibolo Fanga Mathieu, Minister of Trade and Industry Ramatou Mahamat Houtouin, Secretary General of the Government and Minister of Bilingual Promotion and National Institutions Relations, Fatime Aldjine Garfa, Minister of Foreign Affairs, African Integration and Overseas Chinese, Fatime Aram Acyl, Minister of Finance, Economy and Planning, Abakar Moussa Kall é, Secretary of State for Higher Education, Research and Career Planning, Ahmat Oumar, Secretary of State for Land Management and Decentralization, Ali Djada Kampar, Secretary of State for Finance and Budget, Ma ï d é Hamid Louni, Secretary of State for National Education, Abdirasaka Adum Foda, Secretary of State for Public Health. Abderasakh Adoum Fouda, Haoua Abdelkarim Ahmadaye, Minister of Infrastructure and Road Maintenance, Oumar Djim é Moussa, Secretary of State for Mining and Geology, and Saleh Bourma, Deputy Secretary General of the Government.

According to the national administrative division reform plan passed in August 2018, the country is divided into 23 regions, 95 provinces, and 365 municipalities.

The judicial system consists of the Supreme Court, appellate courts, and first instance courts. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial institution, including the Judicial Court, Administrative Court, Constitutional Court, Audit Court, and Special Court. It is composed of 43 members, and the President is appointed by decree by the President for a term of 7 years.

In September 1991, Chad implemented a multi-party system. There are currently over 240 legal political parties, mainly including:

(1) Moument Patriotique du Salut, MPS）： Aizhengyun, abbreviated as Aizhengyun, was established on March 11, 1990 and is the ruling party. Originally an anti Habr é political and military organization. Political manifesto: advocating multi-party democracy and developing a mixed economy; Defend national unity and territorial integrity; We adhere to the policies of independence, good neighborliness, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and non alignment, abide by the UN and AU charters, and develop friendly and cooperative relations with all peace loving and justice loving countries. The party has a National Congress, a Central Committee, and an Executive Bureau, with grassroots organizations throughout the country. The National Congress is the highest authority and holds a meeting every two years. The Central Committee is the highest executive body, and the Executive Bureau is a permanent institution of the Central Committee with 40 members. At the request of more than two-thirds of the Central Committee members, a National Special Representative Assembly can be convened. In June 2021, Ai Zheng Yun held the 10th National Special Representative Assembly in the absence and opposition of former General Secretary Mahamat Zen Bada, and elected former National Assembly Speaker Haroun Kabadi as the new General Secretary.

(2) Union Nationale pour le D é evelopment et le Renouveau (Union Nationale pour le D é evelopment et le Renouveau), UNDR）： opposition party. Obtained legal status on July 21, 1992. Advocate for maintaining national peace and unity, and achieving national reconciliation; Establish a truly national professional army; Developing social economy, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, hydropower, transportation, tourism, and handicrafts; Implementing decentralization of power and allowing women and capable individuals to participate in national management; Developing education and healthcare services; Realize self-sufficiency in food production, etc. The chairman is Saleh KEBZABO, who served as the Minister of Trade and Industry of the first Transitional Government, President of the Chadian News Agency, and Prime Minister of the second Transitional Government. He is also the founder of the magazine "N'Djamena Weekly". Participated in the political reconciliation process in 2007. The party was once the largest opposition party, and as the leader of the opposition in Chad at the time, Kebuzabo received 12.77% of the vote in the April 2016 presidential election, ranking second.

(3) Rassemblement pour la D é mocratie et le Progr è s, RDP）： Political parties. Obtained legal status on March 10, 1992. Founder Loe Mahamat Choua, formerly served as the Head of State and Chairman of the Transitional Supreme Council. In December 1997, the party signed a cooperation agreement with the Love Salvation Movement. In December 2003, Shuwa announced the termination of his alliance with Love Life. In August 2007, participated in the domestic reconciliation process and signed the "8.13 Reconciliation Agreement". The current party chairman is Mahamat Allahou Taher. The party held 9 seats in the previous National Assembly.

Other parties include the Transformers Party, the Elite Party, the Unity and Equality Party, the Chad Renewal Social Action Party, the New Day Party, the Chad National Democratic Alliance "Awakening" faction, the Reformers Party, the Chad Republic Patriot Movement Party, and the Party for Integral Democracy and Independence.

Mohammad Idriss Deby Itno: Transitional President. Born in N'Djamena in 1984. Having a military background, he has participated in multiple military operations such as fighting against anti-government armed groups. In April 2021, Deby sacrificed his life the day after his sixth election as president, and his son Mohammed led the establishment of the Military Transitional Council to exercise presidential powers. In October 2022, Mohammed dissolved the Military Transitional Council and became the interim president of Chad. In May 2024, Mohammed was elected president.

Agricultural and pastoral country, economically backward, is one of the least developed countries in the world. In recent years, the Chadian government has vigorously implemented macroeconomic policies and national poverty reduction strategies aimed at increasing people's income levels, strengthening and improving fiscal management, effectively controlling fiscal expenditures, and maintaining a balance between income and expenditure; We will focus on increasing funding for priority development areas such as infrastructure construction, rural development, healthcare, energy and mineral development, education, and communication, striving to develop the economy, reduce poverty, and improve people's livelihoods. At the same time, we will strengthen economic legislation, encourage the development of industry, commerce, agriculture and animal husbandry, take practical measures to stabilize prices, crack down on speculation and tax evasion, and achieve certain results. The estimated economic indicators for 2023 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product: 13.15 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 719.4 US dollars.

Economic growth rate: 4.1%.

Currency name: Central African Financial Cooperation Franc (FCFA, abbreviated as CFA Franc).

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar is equivalent to 605 Central African Francs.

Inflation rate: 10.8%.

(Data source: World Bank)

Mineral resources are abundant, but most of them have not yet been mined. The main minerals include natural alkali, limestone, kaolin, and tungsten, tin, copper, nickel, chromium, etc. Since 1970, oil has been discovered in the Sedigi region of Lake Chad, the Doba Basin, and the Waday Basin.

The primary industry includes agriculture, animal husbandry, petroleum and mineral development. The main oil developers in Chad are Chad Petroleum Company, PetroChina, Swiss Glencore, and American Esso. Chad is a traditional agricultural and pastoral country, one of the four major cotton producing countries in Africa, and a major livestock producing country in Central Africa. The total arable land area in China is 39 million hectares. The plain and southern region of Lake Chad are the main agricultural areas. The main grain crops are sorghum, corn, and millet, as well as a small amount of rice and wheat, and most of the grain relies on imports. The rural population accounts for more than 70% of the national population. Other cash crops include tobacco, peanuts, sesame, sugarcane, and Arabic gum.

The secondary industry mainly includes oil refining, agricultural and animal husbandry product processing, handicrafts, construction, water conservancy and power, etc. There are 22 cotton processing factories nationwide. There are also some small and medium-sized enterprises in textile, cigarette, flour, beverage, sugar, agricultural machinery manufacturing, etc. Due to insufficient power supply and expensive electricity prices, as well as difficulties in industrial development caused by power shortages and funding shortages, Chad faces many challenges.

Since the 1980s, service industries such as commerce, transportation, telecommunications, and finance have gradually developed. 20% of the population in the country is engaged in the service industry, mainly concentrated in the transportation and public sectors.

Inland countries, without railways, mainly rely on road transportation. Highways: According to the World Economic Forum's 2020 Global Competitiveness Report Road Quality Index, in 2019, the total length of roads in Chad was 3200 kilometers, ranking last among African countries in terms of road quality.

Water transportation: mainly concentrated in the Shali River and Luogong River, with a total length of 4830 kilometers of inland waterway, of which 2000 kilometers can be navigable throughout the year. Shipping requires transshipment through Douala Port in Cameroon (1970 kilometers from N'Djamena) or Port Harcourt in Nigeria (1700 kilometers from N'Djamena).

Air Transport: Air Chad has four domestic routes (Ab é ch é, Mundu, Saar, and Faya La Ruo) and five neighboring routes (Douala, Bangui, Niamey, Kano, and Khartoum). The plan is to gradually expand its service range to African countries starting from connecting major cities in the country, and eventually expand to destinations in the Middle East and Europe. At present, there are 14 airlines (including 2 freight companies) operating in Chad, among which France, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Türkiye, Morocco, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire have regular flights to Chad.

With the continuous advancement of oil development, the fiscal revenue of Chad has been increasing year by year. However, due to increased investment in infrastructure construction and people's livelihoods, fiscal expenditures have also risen rapidly.

The foreign exchange reserves are approximately 212 million US dollars.

The issuance of currency is controlled by the Bank of Central African States (BEAC). The financial market is not sound, loan interest rates are high, and the savings rate of residents is low. There are currently 9 commercial banks, including the Development Bank of Chad (BDT), the International Agricultural Bank of Chad, the Credit Bank of Chad (BTCD), the Soci é t é G é n é rale de France Chad Branch, the Bank of West African States Chad Branch of the Meridian Bank Group (BMBT), the Finance Bank (FB), the Sudan Commercial Bank Chad Branch, the Chad Arab Libyan Bank (BTAL), and the Sahel Sahara Investment Commercial Bank Chad Branch.

Since 2003, crude oil has become the largest export commodity in foreign trade. Livestock products and cotton are traditional export commodities of Chad, mainly importing petroleum products, chemicals, mechanical and electrical products, building materials, automobiles, textiles, food, medicinal materials, etc. The main export destinations are China, India, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States; The main source countries for imports are China, Cameroon, France, and the United States. The foreign trade volume in 2022 is 5.5 billion US dollars, including exports of 4.39 billion US dollars and imports of 1.11 billion US dollars.

Foreign aid accounts for a large proportion of fiscal revenue and budget, mainly from the United States, France, Germany, Switzerland, as well as the United Nations, the European Union, and the African Development Bank. In recent years, Chad has received an average of 400-500 million US dollars in foreign aid annually.

The People's Livelihood has been listed by the United Nations as one of the 47 least developed countries in the world. The average life expectancy is 53.7 years. Currently, there are 429 medical and health facilities in Chad, with 0.4 beds per 1000 people. There are only 7 comprehensive hospitals in the country, 4 in N'Djamena, and 3 in three cities in the southeast. According to statistics from the Chadian health department, an average of 28466 people have one doctor, far below the World Health Organization's standard of one doctor per 10000 people. Common diseases in Chad include malaria, typhoid, cholera, meningitis, yellow fever, diarrhea, dysentery, measles and AIDS.

The country is divided into 12 defense zones. Implement compulsory military service system. At present, the Chadian armed forces have a total of 50000 personnel.

Chad is a country in sub Saharan Africa with a lower level of cultural and educational education. The enrollment rates for primary and secondary schools are 98.5% and 29%, respectively. Higher education is mainly provided by the University of N'Djamena, King Faisal University, Mundu University, Mundu School of Business and Technology, Abeche Institute of Technology, Salhe Institute of Astronomy and Environment, etc. There are about 40000 university students in the country.

There are 35 newspapers nationwide, most of which are privately owned. The Progress Daily is the largest daily newspaper with a daily circulation of approximately 30000 copies. Other influential newspapers include 'N'Djamena Semi Weekly' and 'Observer'.

Chad News Agency is a national news agency established in 1966.

Chad National Radio was established in 1965 and mainly broadcasts in French, Sarah, and Arabic.

Chad National Television was established in December 1987, with programs covering the capital and the southwestern region of Chad. Broadcast programs in French and Arabic.

The communication industry is outdated, expensive, and has low coverage. There are mainly three operators: Sotel Chad, Airtel, and Millicom. Chad Telecom monopolizes fixed line and international long-distance telephone services, while Airtel and Millicom specialize in mobile phone services.

We adhere to an independent, pragmatic and all-round foreign policy, emphasizing the maintenance of national unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and maintaining a stable surrounding environment; Supporting African unity and committed to strengthening relations with Western powers and international financial institutions; Emphasize the development of relations with Arab and African countries. Former Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Chad, Moussa Faki Mohamed, was elected as the Chairperson of the African Union Commission in January 2017 and was re elected in February 2021. In November 2021, former Chadian Foreign Minister Hisayne Ibrahim Taha was elected as the Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

The relationship between Chad and France is close, and the two countries have signed a series of cooperation agreements in finance, economy, culture, education, and military. France has established military bases in Chad and the two countries have close military cooperation. In August 2014, France launched the French military's anti-terrorism operation in the Sahara Sahel region, known as the "Crescent Sand Dune Operation," and established its command center in the capital city of N'Djamena. The high-level exchanges between the two countries are close. In January 2020, then President Deby went to France to attend the summit between France and the Sahel Group of Five. In April 2021, French President Macron attended the funeral of Deby. In November, Mohammed went to France to attend the 4th Paris Peace Forum and the International Conference on Libya. In February 2022, Mohammed visited France. In May, Mohammed had a phone call with French President Macron to congratulate him on his successful re-election. In October 2023, Mohammed visited France. After Mohammed was elected in May 2024, French President Macron congratulated him on his victory over the phone. In October, Mohammed went to France to attend the 19th summit of the French speaking Organization, where President Macron met with him.

Chad and the United States established diplomatic relations in 1961. The American oil company is involved in Chad's oil development and regularly sends military advisory teams to Chad for military and counter-terrorism training, as well as a peace team in Chad. The United States and Chad have signed agreements on judicial information management and personnel training assistance, as well as civil aviation security judicial cooperation. In March 2022, US Deputy Secretary of State for African Affairs Molly Fey visited Chad. In December 2022, President Mohammed will attend the second US Africa Summit in the United States.

Chad attaches great importance to developing friendly and cooperative relations with neighboring countries and other African countries, actively participates in regional cooperation, and is a founding member of the Sahel Five Group. Since February 2021, it has served as the chairman of the organization and is committed to resolving the crisis in the Sahel region. In addition, Chad is a member of African regional organizations such as the African Union, the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Community of Sahel Saharan States (which has served as the chair since 2019), the Niger River Basin Organization, and the Lake Chad Basin Commission. In January 2024, President Mohammed made an official visit to Russia. In January 2024, President Mohammed made an official visit to Hungary.