Czech Republic Passport

[Country Name] The Czech Republic (Č esk á republika).

【 Area 】 78900 square kilometers.

Population: 10.9 million (2023). More than 90% of them are Czechs, 2.9% are Slovaks, 1% are Germans, and there are also a small number of Polish and Roma (Gypsies). The official language is Czech. The main religion is Roman Catholicism.

Prague, the capital, covers an area of 496 square kilometers. Population of 1.38 million (2023). The annual average temperature is 10.5 ℃.

[Head of State] President Petr Pavel, who took office on March 9, 2023, will serve until March 2028.

National Day: October 28th. The First World War led to the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire, and on October 28, 1918, the Czechoslovak Republic was established. In January 1993, Czech Republic and Slovakia gained independence respectively, and Czech Republic adopted October 28th as its National Day.

【 Overview 】 Located in central Europe. To the east is Slovakia, to the south is Austria, to the west is Germany, and to the north is Poland. It belongs to the northern temperate zone and has a typical temperate continental climate. The four seasons are distinct, with an average summer temperature of about 18.5 degrees and an average winter temperature of about minus 3 degrees. The climate is humid, with an average annual precipitation of 683 millimeters.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, Slavs migrated westward to the present-day Czech and Slovak regions and established the Great Moravian Empire in that area in 830 AD. At the end of the 9th century and the first half of the 10th century, the Czech Republic was established in what is now the Czech Republic. From 1419 to 1437, the Hussite movement erupted in the Czech region, opposing the Roman Catholic Church, German nobility, and feudal rule. In 1620, Czechoslovakia was annexed by the Habsburg dynasty. After the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire after World War I, the Czech Republic and Slovakia united and established the Czechoslovak Republic on October 28, 1918. In September 1938, representatives from Britain, France, Germany, and Italy signed the Munich Agreement in Munich, ceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. In March 1939, Czechoslovakia was occupied by Nazi Germany. On May 9, 1945, with the help of the Soviet army, Jie was liberated. In February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia came into power. In July 1960, the country was renamed as the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. On August 20, 1968, the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Germany sent troops to Czechoslovakia to suppress the "Prague Spring" reform movement. In April 1969, Husak was appointed as the First Secretary (later General Secretary) of the Communist Party of the Czech Republic and became the President in 1975. In November 1989, the Czech Republic underwent a regime change and implemented a multi-party parliamentary democracy. In 1990, the country changed its name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In June of the same year, the first free elections were held, and the "Citizen Forum" in the Czech region and the "Public Anti Violence" organization in the Slovak region won in their respective regions, occupying a majority of seats in the federal parliament and forming the federal government. In June 1992, the Czech Federation held its second parliamentary election, in which the Civic Democratic Party (referred to as the "Civic Party"), which evolved from the "Civic Forum", and the Movement for Democratic Slovakia, which split from the "Public Anti Violence" organization, won and became the ruling party. On December 31, 1992, the Jess Federation dissolved. On January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia became independent sovereign states respectively.

In October 2021, the Czech Republic held parliamentary elections for the House of Representatives, and a coalition consisting of the Civic Party, People's Party, and TOP09 Party won the election. On December 17th, President Milo š Zeman appointed a coalition government consisting of five parties including the Civic Party, People's Party, TOP09 Party, Mayors' Alliance, and Pirate Party, with Civic Party Chairman Petr Fiala as Prime Minister. On January 13, 2022, the new government passed a vote of confidence in the parliament. On January 28, 2023, Petr Pavel was elected as the President of the Czech Republic. On October 1, 2024, the Pirate Party withdrew from the coalition government. The original five party alliance led by the Civic Party has been reorganized into a four party alliance, still holding more than half of the seats in the parliament.

In July 1960, the National Assembly passed the Constitution and renamed the country as the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In October 1968, the National Assembly passed a constitutional law stipulating that Czechoslovakia was a federal state composed of two equal ethnic groups, the Czechs and the Slovaks. In November 1989, the Federal Parliament abolished the provision in the constitution regarding the leadership role of the Czech Communist Party in society. In April 1990, the Federal Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to change the country's name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and modified the national emblem. On November 25, 1992, the Federal Parliament passed the "Federal Dissolution Act". On December 15th, the Czech National Assembly decided to take over the functions of the Federal Assembly and on December 16th, passed a new constitution, changed the country's name to the Czech Republic, modified the national emblem, and established the principles of multi-party parliamentary democracy, equality, freedom, and the rule of law. The new constitution came into effect on January 1, 1993.

The highest legislative body of the country, the parliament, implements a bicameral system.

The House of Representatives has a total of 200 seats with a term of 4 years. The current House of Representatives was elected in October 2021, with 7 political parties entering the parliament: ANO2011 Movement with 72 seats, Civic Democratic Party with 34 seats, Mayors' Union with 33 seats, Christian Democratic Union Czechoslovak People's Party with 23 seats, Free and Direct Democratic Movement with 20 seats, TOP09 Party with 14 seats, and Pirate Party with 4 seats. Chairman Mark é ta Pekarov á Adamov á.

The Senate has a total of 81 seats with a term of 6 years, and one-third of the senators are re elected every two years. The latest election was held in September 2024. The chairman is Milo š Vystr č il.

The current government officially took office on January 13, 2022. The main members are: Petr Fiala, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs V í t Raku š an, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labour and Social Affairs Marian Jure č ka, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Health Vlastimir V á lek, Finance Minister Zbyl ě k Stanjura, Defense Minister Jana Č ernochov á, Justice Minister Pavel Bla ž ek, Foreign Minister Jan Lipavsk ý Minister of Industry and Trade Luk áš Vl č ek, Minister of Transport Martin Kupka, Minister of Education, Youth and Sports Mikul áš Bek, Minister of Agriculture Marek V ý born ý Environment Minister Petr Hlad í k, Culture Minister Martin Baxa, European Affairs Minister Martin Dvo řá k, and Research and Innovation Minister Marek Ž en í š ek.

[Main URL] Presidential Office: http://www.hrad.cz The House of Representatives: http://www.psp.cz The Senate of the Parliament: http://www.senat.cz Government: http://www.vlada.cz Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mzv.cz .

The country is divided into 14 state-level units, including 13 states and the capital city of Prague. Each state has its own city and town.

The country has a Constitutional Court, a Supreme Court, and a Supreme Supervisory Court, all of which are appointed by the President. The President of the Constitutional Court, Josef Baxa, will take office in 2023 for a term of 10 years. Petr Angyalossy, the President of the Supreme Court, took office in 2020 for a term of 10 years. Igor St ří ž, the President of the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, took office in 2021. Each state and city (district) has courts, procuratorates, notary offices, and economic arbitration institutions.

There are currently over 30 political organizations, including political parties, movements, alliances, etc., that regularly carry out activities nationwide. The main ones are:

(1) The Civic Democratic Party (abbreviated as Ob č ansk á demokratick á strana) has approximately 12000 members. Established in April 1991, its predecessor was the "Citizen Forum" founded in November 1989. The party belongs to the right-wing conservative party, advocating democracy and freedom, emphasizing the inheritance of European Christian traditions, the humanitarian and democratic traditions of the First Czech Republic, opposing Marxist Leninist ideology and any form of collectivization tendency, and advocating for thorough privatization and market economy. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, the coalition of Civic Party, People's Party, and TOP09 Party won. Party Chairman Petr Fiala.

(2) Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (abbreviated as the People's Party, K ř es ť ansk á a demokratick á unie - Č eskoslovensk á strana lidov á): Nearly 20000 members. Established in 1918, joined the National Front of the Communist Party of the Czech Republic in 1945, and restored the party's "non socialist tradition" in November 1989. Self proclaimed as the center right party, emphasizing the Christian tradition. Ranked seventh in the 2017 House of Representatives election. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, the coalition of Civic Party, People's Party, and TOP09 Party won. Party Chairman Marian Jure č ka.

(3) TOP09 Party: Established in June 2009, a right-wing political party with approximately 3000 members. The letters' T ',' O ', and' P 'are the first letters of the Czech words' tradition', 'responsibility', and 'prosperity', respectively. '09' represents the year of its establishment in 2009. The party advocates democracy and conservatism, opposes populism, and ranked eighth in the 2017 House of Representatives election. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, the coalition of Civic Party, People's Party, and TOP09 Party won. Party Chairman Mark é ta Pekarov á Adamov á.

(4) The Mayor and Independent Alliance Movement (referred to as the Mayor Alliance Movement, Starostov é a nez á visl í): Established in 2004, it is named after its members, who are mostly mayors of cities and towns across the country. There are currently about 2200 members. Politically leaning towards the right, he is a member of the European People's Party caucus and ranked ninth in the 2017 House of Representatives elections. In the 2021 House of Representatives elections, he formed a campaign alliance with the Pirate Party and was able to enter parliament. Party Chairman V í t Raku š an.

(5) Czech Pirate Party (Č esk é pira á tsk é strany): Founded in June 2009, with approximately 1200 members, it is a member of the International and European Pirate Union (PPEU). The party's members are mostly elites in the IT industry aged 20-35, who are enthusiastic about "online politics" and advocate for information sharing, direct democracy, freedom of communication, privacy protection, e-government, etc. They oppose online censorship and demand that citizens directly elect various levels of government and management institutions. They are known as the "transformative force" of the Czech Republic, and their policy proposals have a distinct anti traditional and populist color. In the 2017 House of Representatives elections, it became the third largest party in parliament. The support rate plummeted in the 2021 House of Representatives election, but it was able to enter parliament through a campaign alliance formed with the mayoral alliance movement. In October 2024, the Pirate Party announced its withdrawal from the coalition government through a referendum. Party Chairman Ivan Barto š.

(6) ANO2011 Movement (Dissatisfied Citizens Movement): Founded in 2011 by Czech billionaire and food manufacturing giant Babi š. Advocate for increasing employment, supporting business operations, and reducing value-added tax. There are currently about 2600 members. In 2012, the party participated in Senate and local elections but did not win. In the 2013 House of Representatives elections, it emerged as the second largest party in the House of Representatives. In the 2017 House of Representatives election, he won by a significant margin, gaining the right to lead the formation of a government and forming a coalition with the Social Democratic Party. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, they were defeated by the campaign alliance led by the Civic Party and were unable to enter the government. Party Chairman Andrej Babi š.

(7) Svoboda a p ří m á demokracie: Founded in June 2015, it split from the sixth largest party in the previous parliament, the Dawn Party. It is a member of the "European Movement for Nationalities and Freedom" and currently has over 10000 members. Advocating for the implementation of "direct democracy" in the Czech Republic, reforming the existing political and management system, deciding all important matters through a national referendum, expanding the people's political self-determination, and thoroughly eliminating political corruption. Opposing the Lisbon Treaty, resisting the process of European integration, advocating for the withdrawal of the Czech Republic from the European Union and NATO, opposing joining the eurozone, and opposing the acceptance of refugees, are seen as "far right populist parties". In the 2017 House of Representatives elections, they tied for third place. The support rate in the 2021 House of Representatives election is second only to ANO 2011 and the two major election alliances. Party Chairman Tomio Okamura, of mixed Japanese and Czech descent, was the former chairman of the Dawn Party.

(8) The Czech and Moravian Communist Party (Komunistick á strana Č ech a Moravy) currently has over 20000 members. Evolved from the former Czechoslovak Communist Party, it was established on March 31, 1990. The party has consistently held a certain number of seats in successive parliaments. Ranked fifth in the 2017 House of Representatives election. Failed to enter parliament in the 2021 House of Representatives elections. Party Chairperson Kate ř ina Kone č n á.

(9) The Czech Social Democratic Party (abbreviated as the Social Democratic Party, Č esk á strana social á ln ě demokratick á) currently has over 7500 members. It was first established in 1878, dissolved in 1938, resumed operations in 1945, merged with the Czechoslovak Communist Party on June 27, 1948, and began independent activities on November 19, 1989. Self proclaimed center left party, politically advocating for the protection of the interests of workers and other laborers, and economically advocating for the implementation of a social market economy. Became the ruling party for the first time in June 1998. In the 2002 parliamentary general election, he won again and formed a coalition government led by the party, but in 2006 he became an opposition party. In 2013, he won the House of Representatives election and co governed with the ANO2011 movement and the People's Party until the end of 2017. In the 2017 House of Representatives election, he suffered a major defeat and ranked sixth, forming a coalition government with the ANO2011 movement. Failed to enter parliament in the 2021 House of Representatives elections. Party Chairperson Jana Mal áč ov á.

Petr Pavel: President. Born on November 1, 1961 in Prana city. Former Army General. From 1993 to 1994, he served as the Deputy Military Attach é of the Czech Republic to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. He served as the Chief of General Staff of the Czech Army from 2012 to 2015. Served as the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2015 to 2018. Elected president in January 2023, inaugurated in March, with a term of 5 years.

Petr Fiala: Prime Minister. Born in Brno, Czech Republic in September 1964. Doctor of Political Science, Professor. I have been teaching at Masaryk University for many years. Served as the President of Masaryk University from 2004 to 2011. From 2012 to 2013, he served as the Minister of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic. Since 2013, he has been continuously elected as a member of the House of Representatives, and since 2014, he has been elected as the chairman of the Civic Party, and has been re elected in 2016, 2018, and 2020. In October 2021, a coalition of three parties including the Civic Party won the House of Representatives election and was appointed as Prime Minister in December.

Czech Republic is a moderately developed country with a strong industrial foundation and a high dependence on foreign trade. In recent years, active, balanced, and prudent economic policies have been implemented, resulting in strong growth momentum. The main economic data for 2023 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product: 289.34 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: Approximately 26600 US dollars.

Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate:- 0.4%.

Currency name: Czech Krona (K č).

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 23.48 kronor.

Inflation rate: 10.7%.

Per capita monthly salary: 40324 kronor (approximately 1717 US dollars).

Unemployment rate: 2.6%.

【 Resources 】 Brown coal, hard coal, and uranium deposits are abundant. Oil, natural gas, and iron ore reserves are very small and rely on imports. Other mineral resources include manganese, aluminum, zinc, fluorite, graphite, and kaolin. The forest area is 2.923 million hectares, accounting for approximately 37.1% of the total national area. There are multiple hydropower stations built on the Vltava River.

The main industries include machinery, chemical engineering, metallurgy, textiles, electricity, food, footwear, wood processing, and glass manufacturing.

In 2022, the grain output value was 120752 million kroner, and the livestock output value was 66079 million kroner.

Tourists mainly come from Germany, Slovakia, Poland, China, the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy and other countries. In recent years, the number of Chinese tourists has increased significantly. The main tourist cities include Prague, Krumlov in Czech Republic, Karlovy Vary, etc. According to Czech statistics, the Czech Republic attracted a total of 7.343 million foreign tourists in 2022, with German tourists ranking first at 1.843 million; The second and third places are Slovakia with 776000 people and Poland with 613000 people, respectively; There are 34000 Chinese tourists.

Transportation mainly involves road, railway, and air transportation.

Highway: The total length is 55838 kilometers, including 1346 kilometers of expressways. In 2022, the total passenger volume was 334 million, and the total freight volume was 474 million tons.

Railway: The total length is 9523 kilometers, with 3234 kilometers of electrified railway. In 2022, the total passenger volume was 176 million, and the total freight volume was 93.385 million tons.

Water transportation: The inland waterway is 726.2 kilometers long, and the total freight volume in 2022 is 1.266 million tons.

Air freight: In 2022, the total passenger volume was 4.065 million and the total freight volume was 73300 tons. The main international airport is Prague Vaclav Havel Airport.

Foreign trade occupies an important position in the Czech economy. Recent foreign trade situation (in billions of US dollars):