Egypt Passport

[Country name] The the Arab Republic of Egypt.

【 Area 】 1.001 million square kilometers.

The population is approximately 104 million. Islam is the state religion, and its followers are mainly Sunni, accounting for 84% of the total population. Coptic Christians and other believers account for about 16%. There are also approximately 10 to 14 million overseas Chinese.

The official language is Arabic.

Cairo, the capital, covers an area of approximately 3085 square kilometers and has a population of approximately 22.62 million (as of 2024). The average temperature in summer ranges from a maximum of 34.2 ℃ to a minimum of 20.8 ℃; The highest temperature in winter is 19.9 ℃, and the lowest is 9.7 ℃.

National Day: July 23rd (1952).

【 Overview 】 Spanning across Asia and Africa, most of it is located in northeastern Africa, with only the Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal located in southwestern Asia. To the west is Libya, to the south is Sudan, to the east is the Red Sea and borders Palestine and Israel, and to the north is the Mediterranean Sea. The coastline is about 2900 kilometers long. The whole area is dry with little rainfall. The Nile Delta and northern coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate, with an average temperature of 12 ℃ in January and 26 ℃ in July. Most of the remaining areas have a tropical desert climate, hot and dry, with temperatures in desert areas reaching up to 40 ℃.

Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. In 3200 BC, Menes unified Egypt and established the first slave state, which went through 30 dynasties including the Early Kingdom, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Later Dynasty. The ancient kingdom began to build pyramids on a large scale. The economic development and Renaissance of the Middle Kingdom. The productivity of the New Kingdom significantly improved and began to expand outward, becoming a military empire. During the post dynastic period, there were frequent internal conflicts, constant external threats, and declining national strength. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by Greece and Rome. In 641 AD, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually became Arabized, becoming an important center of Islam. Conquered by the Turks in 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. After the British occupation in 1882, it became a British "protectorate". On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country, but retained the power to handle issues such as defense, diplomacy, and ethnic minorities. On July 23, 1952, the Free Officers' Organization led by Nasser overthrew the Farouk dynasty, established the Revolutionary Guidance Committee, took control of the state power, and declared the establishment of the Republic of Egypt on June 18, 1953. In February 1958, it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. In 1961, a coup d 'é tat occurred in Syria, leading to the withdrawal from the Arab League. It was renamed the the Arab Republic of Egypt on September 1, 1971.

A republican political system, where the president is the head of state, elected, and holds real power.

Abdul Fath Al Sisi, the head of state, took office in June 2014 and was re elected in June 2018. In December 2023, he was re elected and re elected. In April 2024, he will be sworn in and begin his third presidential term.

In April 2019, the constitutional amendment changed the parliamentary system from a unicameral system to a bicameral system. The House of Representatives has legislative, supervisory, and fiscal powers, and the government is responsible to and supervised by the House of Representatives; The term of office is 5 years, with no less than 450 seats. The newly established Senate is an advisory body whose main function is to provide recommendations to the House of Representatives and the President on major issues such as legislation, treaties, and foreign policy; Term of office is 5 years, with 300 seats. In 2020, Egypt held elections for both the Senate and the House of Representatives. The current Speaker of the House, Hanafi Jabali, and the Speaker of the Senate, Abuwahab Abdulzizig.

In June 2024, the Egyptian government underwent a restructuring, with Madbury remaining as Prime Minister. There are a total of 31 members in the current cabinet. The main members include Deputy Prime Minister for Industrial Affairs Wazir, Deputy Prime Minister for Human Development Abdul Ghaffar, Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdul Ati, Minister of Defense Sagar, Minister of Interior Tawfik, etc.

Judicial institutions are divided into ordinary judicial institutions and administrative judicial institutions. The highest department of the ordinary judicial institution is the Supreme Court of Appeal, with Hou Sni serving as its president. The highest department of the administrative and judicial institutions is the Supreme Administrative Court, with Hafez serving as its president. Cairo also has a Supreme Constitutional Court, responsible for interpreting the constitutional nature of laws and regulations, with its president, Blos Fahmi. The procuratorial institutions include the General Prosecutor's Office and local prosecution branches, with the Chief Prosecutor Hamada Savi.

[Administrative divisions] The country is divided into 27 provinces: Cairo Province, Giza Province, Galyubi Province, Manufia Province, Dumyat Province, Dakaria Province, Kafra Sheikh Province, Beni Souf Province, Fayum Province, Minia Province, Sohage Province, Kina Province, Aswan Province, Red Sea Province, Western Province, Ayyurt Province, New Valley Province, Alexandria Province, Bukhara Province, North Sinai Province, South Sinai Province, Port Said Province, Ismailia Province, Suez Province, Eastern Province, Matru Province, and Luxor Province.

Economy belongs to an open market economy with a relatively complete system of industry, agriculture, and service industries. The service industry accounts for approximately 46% of the gross domestic product. The industry is mainly composed of light industries such as textiles and food processing, accounting for about 36% of the gross domestic product. The rural population accounts for 55% of the total population, and agriculture accounts for 18% of the gross domestic product. Oil and gas, tourism, remittances, and the Suez Canal are the four major sources of foreign exchange income.

The turbulent situation in Egypt since the beginning of 2011 has had a serious impact on the national economy. The Egyptian government has taken measures to restore production, increase revenue and reduce expenses, attract foreign investment, improve people's livelihoods, and seek international support and assistance from various sources to overcome economic difficulties. After the interim government came to power in July 2013, the economy faced significant difficulties, but with substantial financial support from Gulf Arab countries, the economic situation improved compared to before. After the establishment of the new government in June 2014, it vigorously developed the economy and improved people's livelihoods. The main economic data are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product (2023): 391.2 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product (2023): 3691 US dollars.

Economic growth rate (2023): 2.9%.

Currency name: Egyptian Pound.

Official exchange rate (October 2024): 1 US dollar ≈ 48.6 Egyptian pounds

The main resources are oil, natural gas, phosphate, iron, etc. The proven reserves are: 4.8 billion barrels of oil, 3.2 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, approximately 7 billion tons of phosphate, and 60 million tons of iron ore. In addition, there are manganese, coal, gold, zinc, chromium, silver, molybdenum, copper, and talc. In 2015, the largest natural gas field in the Mediterranean region was discovered in the waters off the coast of Egypt, with a potential natural gas reserve of 850 billion cubic meters. Egypt's proven oil and natural gas reserves rank fifth and fourth among African countries, respectively. The average daily crude oil production is 711500 barrels, and the daily natural gas production is 168 million cubic meters. Domestic consumption of natural gas accounts for 70% of the total natural gas production, with the remaining 30% for export. Egypt's power supply is mainly based on thermal power, accounting for 86.9%. The national power grid coverage rate reaches 99.3%, ranking 28th in the world.

Industry is mainly based on light industries such as textiles and food processing. Industry accounts for about 36% of the gross domestic product, and industrial product exports account for about 60% of the total commodity exports. There are 2.74 million industrial employees, accounting for 14% of the total labor force in the country.

Egypt is a traditional agricultural country, with rural population accounting for 55% of the total population and approximately 5.5 million agricultural workers, accounting for 31% of the country's total labor force. The Egyptian government attaches great importance to expanding arable land and encouraging young people to engage in agriculture. The total arable land area in China is 3.1 million hectares, accounting for approximately 3.7% of the total land area. In recent years, with the development of the Egyptian economy, the proportion of agricultural output value to GDP has decreased. Cotton is the most important economic crop in Egypt, mainly consisting of medium to long staple cotton (below 35mm) and extra long staple cotton (above 36mm), known as the "national treasure". After years of reform, agricultural production has achieved stable growth and is the sector with the fastest effect of economic opening up. But with population growth, Egypt still needs to import food, making it one of the world's largest food importers.

Egypt has a long history and many famous historical sites, providing favorable conditions for the development of the tourism industry. The government attaches great importance to the development of the tourism industry. The main tourist attractions include the pyramids, the Sphinx, the Luxor Temple, the Aswan High Dam, and Sharm El Sheikh. The tourism industry revenue in Egypt reached 13.6 billion US dollars in the 2022/2023 fiscal year, a year-on-year increase of 26.8%.

Transportation is convenient, and in recent years, the capacity of sea, land, and air transportation has grown rapidly.

Railway: It consists of 28 lines with a total length of 10008 kilometers, 796 passenger stations, and a daily passenger volume of 2 million people. Cairo currently has three subway lines with a total length of 89.4 kilometers and a total cost of 12 billion Egyptian pounds. The construction of Metro Line 4 is underway in three stages.

Highway: The total length is about 49000 kilometers.

Water transportation: There are 7 international shipping routes; The total length of inland waterway routes is about 3500 kilometers. There are currently 62 ports including Alexandria, Port Said, Dumiat, and Suez, with an annual throughput of 8 million containers and a port trade volume of 101 million tons. The Suez Canal is the main international waterway connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe. In recent years, the canal has undergone large-scale expansion, resulting in a carrying capacity of 240000 tons for ships passing through the canal, which can accommodate fourth generation container ships. The revenue of the Suez Canal reached a historical high of 9.4 billion US dollars in the fiscal year 2022/2023. Since November 2023, due to the impact of the Red Sea crisis, major international shipping companies have suspended the Red Sea Suez Canal route or diverted to the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, resulting in a sharp decline in Suez Canal revenue.

Air freight: There are over 30 airports in the country, including 11 international airports. Cairo Airport is an important international airport. In 2008, EgyptAir officially joined Star Alliance.

In addition to taxation, the main sources of fiscal revenue are tourism, oil, remittances, and the Suez Canal.

Egypt has established trade relations with over 120 countries and regions, with major trading partners including China, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The total foreign trade volume of Egypt in the 2022/2023 fiscal year was 110.407 billion US dollars, including imports of 70.783 billion US dollars and exports of 39.624 billion US dollars.

Egypt's main imported goods are machinery and equipment, grains, electrical equipment, mineral fuels, plastics and their products, steel and its products, wood and its products, vehicles, animal feed, etc. The main export products are mineral fuels (crude oil and its products), cotton, ceramics, textiles and clothing, aluminum and its products, steel, grains, and vegetables. Egypt's exported goods are mainly sold to Arab countries.

Egypt implements a military service system that combines conscripts and volunteers, with conscripts serving for three years. The total strength of the armed forces is 450000, with a reserve force of 254000, including 320000 for the army, 20000 for the navy, 30000 for the air force, and 80000 for the air defense force. There are also 60000 members of the National Guard, 14000 members of the Border Defense Force, 60000 members of the Public Security Force, and 7000 members of the Coast Guard.

Implement a universal primary school compulsory education system. There are a total of 42184 basic education schools (including primary, junior high, high school, and secondary technical education) in the country, including 37218 public schools and 4966 private schools. There are a total of 34 universities, including 18 public universities and 16 private universities. Famous universities include Cairo University, Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, Al Azhar University, etc. The average enrollment rate for higher education in universities is 32%.

There are over 500 newspapers and magazines in Egypt, including more than 180 newspapers and 300 magazines. The main official Arabic language newspapers in Egypt include: Al Ahram, Al Ahrond, Al Ahrond, Al Ahram Evening News, Al Wazam Weekly, and Ruz Yusuf Weekly. The main English language newspapers are the Egyptian Gazette. The main private newspapers include: "Seventh Daily News", "Today's Egyptian News", "Sunrise News", etc. The main portal websites include: Seven Day Network, National Echo, etc.

The Middle East News Agency is the Egyptian national news agency and currently the largest news agency in the Middle East and the Arab world. It was founded in February 1956.

Egypt plays an important role in Arab, African, and international affairs. Cairo is currently the headquarters of the Arab League, and on July 1, 2016, former Egyptian Foreign Minister Gheit became the new Secretary General of the Arab League. In March 2021, Gheit was re elected as Secretary General of the Arab League.

Egypt adheres to an independent and non aligned policy, advocating for the establishment of a new international political and economic order based on mutual respect and non-interference in internal affairs, and strengthening North South dialogue and South South cooperation. Highlighting Arab and Islamic attributes, actively engaging in peaceful diplomacy, committed to strengthening unity and cooperation among Arab countries, and promoting the Middle East peace process. Oppose international terrorism. Propose to establish a zone free of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East and Africa. Valuing major country diplomacy, actively developing relations with emerging countries, and being relatively active in regional and international organizations. Currently, Egypt has established diplomatic relations with over 160 countries. On January 1, 2024, Egypt officially joined the BRICS mechanism.