Ghana Passport

【 Country Name 】 The Republic of Ghana.

【 Area 】 238537 square kilometers.

【 Population 】 33.48 million (2022). There are four main ethnic groups in the country: Aken, Mosi Dagomba, Ewe, and Jia Adangbe. The official language is English. There are also ethnic languages such as Ewe, Fanti, and Hausa. About 70% of the residents believe in Christianity, about 20% believe in Islam, and about 10% believe in traditional religions or other beliefs.

The capital city is Accra, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. The highest temperature is 23-31 ℃ (March and April), and the lowest temperature is 22-27 ℃ (August).

Head of State: President Nana Akufo Addo. Elected as President in December 2016, re elected in December 2020, sworn in on January 7, 2021, with a term of 4 years.

[Important Festival] March 6th: Independence Day; July 1st: Republic Day.

【 Overview 】 Located on the north coast of the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, it borders Ivory Coast to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, with a coastline of approximately 562 kilometers. The coastal plains and southwestern Asanti Plateau belong to tropical rainforest climate, while the Volta River Valley and northern plateau areas belong to tropical grassland climate. The rainy season is from April to September, and the dry season is from November to April of the following year. The rainfall varies greatly from place to place, with an average annual rainfall of 2180 millimeters in the southwest and 1000 millimeters in the northern region.

The Kingdom of Gugana was founded in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, with its territory in present-day Mali and Burkina Faso, reaching its peak in the 10th and 11th centuries. Since 1471, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British colonizers have successively invaded the coastal areas of present-day Ghana, plundering gold and selling black slaves. This area is known as the "Gold Coast". In 1897, the entire Gold Coast became a British colony. On March 6, 1957, the Gold Coast gained independence and was renamed Ghana. The former British administered "West Togo" was incorporated into Ghana. The Republic of Ghana was established on July 1, 1960, and remained within the Commonwealth. Its first president was Nkrumah. After the overthrow of the Nkrumah government in 1966, the political situation in Canada remained unstable for a long time, with frequent military coups and regime changes. After the Rollins coup in December 1981, the political situation remained relatively stable. In 1992, a multi-party system began to be implemented, and at the end of the same year, Luo was elected president, smoothly achieving the transition from a military government to a democratically elected government. In December 1996, Luo was re elected as president. From January 2001 to January 2009, the leader of the New Patriotic Party, Kufuor, was re elected as president for two consecutive terms. In January 2009, National Democratic Congress candidate Mills was elected president. On July 24, 2012, Mills passed away due to illness, and then Vice President Mahama succeeded him as President. In December of the same year, a new general election was held, and Mahama won and was inaugurated in January 2013.

In December 2016, Ghana held presidential and parliamentary elections. The candidate of the New Patriotic Party, Akufo Ado, defeated Mahama and was elected president. The New Patriotic Party won the parliamentary elections. In December 2020, presidential and parliamentary elections were held, and President Akufo Ado won re-election with 51.3% of the vote, beginning his second term. At present, the overall political situation in Canada is stable.

The current Constitution was passed by a national referendum on April 26, 1992 and came into effect on January 7, 1993. The Constitution stipulates that Ghana is a democratic country committed to achieving freedom and justice, respecting fundamental human rights, freedoms, and dignity; The President is the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, serving a term of 4 years and can be re elected for one term; The Cabinet is appointed by the President and approved by the Parliament; The parliament can exercise its constitutional power only after passing bills and obtaining the approval of the president; Judicial independence, with the power to interpret, enforce, and enforce laws.

The parliament implements a unicameral system and is the highest authority in the country, with the power to legislate and amend the constitution. Members of parliament are elected nationwide for a term of four years. The current parliament was elected in December 2020, with a total of 275 seats. Among them, the New Patriotic Party has 137 seats, the National Democratic Congress Party has 137 seats, and there is 1 independent member of parliament. The Speaker is Alban Baghin, who took office on January 7, 2021.

The current government was formed in January 2021, consisting of the President, Vice President, and 30 ministers. In February 2024, President Akufo Ado reshuffled the cabinet. After the restructuring, the members include: President Nana Akufo Addo, Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia, Minister of National Security Albert Kan Dapaah, Minister of Finance Mohammed Amin Adam, Minister of Trade and Industry Kobina Tahir Hammond, Minister of Defense Dominic Nitiwul, Minister of Interior Henry Quartey, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey, Minister of Justice. Godfrey dame, Attorney General, and Martin Adjei Mensah Korsah, Minister of Local Government, Decentralization, and Rural Development, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu, Minister of Communications and Digitalization Ursula Owusu Ekuful, Minister of Food and Agriculture Bryan Acheampong, Minister of Energy Mattew Opoku Prempeh, Minister of Education Yaw Osei Adutwum, Minister of Health Bernard Okoe Boye, Minister of Land and Resources Samuel Abdulai Jinapor, Minister of Roads Francis Francis Asenso Boakye, Minister of Works and Housing Kojo Oppong Nkrumah, Transport Minister Kweku Ofori Asiamah, Fisheries and Aquaculture Minister Mavis Hawa Koomson, Railway Development Minister John Peter Amewu, Sanitation and Water Resources Minister Lydia Seyram Alhassan, Tourism, Arts and Culture Minister Andrew Egyapa Mercer, Gender, Children and Social Security Minister Dakota Newman, Chieftains and Religious Affairs Minister Stephen Asomoah Boateng. Minister of Employment and Labor Relations Ignatius Bafuor Awuah, Minister of Information Fatimatu Abubakar (female), Minister of Youth and Sports Mustapha Yussif, Minister of Environment, Technology and Innovation Ophelia Mensah Hayford, Minister of Public Enterprises Joseph Cudjoe, and Minister of State for Engineering and Housing Freda Prempeh.

Government website http://www.ghana.gov.gh  

There are a total of 16 provinces in the country, including the Greater Accra Region, Ashanti Region, Brong Ahafo Region, Central Region, Eastern Region, Volta Region, Western Region, Upper East Region, Upper West Region, Northern Region, Savannah Region, North East Region, Ahafo Region, Bono East Region, and Oti Region. (Oti Region), Western North Region.

The judicial system is divided into the judicial system and the public court system. The judicial system includes the Supreme Court, appellate courts, high courts, commercial courts, regional courts, county courts, circuit courts, expedited courts, juvenile courts, prosecutor's office, etc. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal, composed of the Chief Justice and six or more judges, with the Chief Justice serving as the President. Public courts at all levels were established in 1982 to ensure the participation of the people in the judicial process and ultimately achieve judicial democratization. The National Public Court is the final court of appeal.

After the lifting of the party ban in May 1992, three major political party factions were formed: the Rollins faction, the Danqua Busia faction, and the Nkrumah faction.

(1) New Patriotic Party: The ruling party, the Dankwa Busia faction, currently has approximately 4 million members. Established on June 2, 1992. With elites from the intellectual community as the backbone. From 2001 to 2008, he was in power and valued human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. He advocated for political pluralism and a market economy, promoted privatization, and pursued pragmatic diplomacy to attract foreign investment and solve economic problems. Party Chairman Stephen Ntim and General Secretary Justin Frimpong Kodua.

(2) National Democratic Congress: The largest opposition party with approximately 3 million members. Established on June 10, 1992. The members are mostly supporters of Rollins, as well as many members of the Nkrumah and Dankwa Busia factions. Served from 1993 to 2000 and from 2009 to 2016. Advocate for political democratization and economic privatization, and engage in multidimensional diplomacy. Chairman Johnson Aseidu Nketia and General Secretary Fifi Fiavi Kwetey.

(3) Convention People's Party: The opposition party. Nkrumah faction. On June 15, 1998, it was formed by the merger of the People's Convention Party and the National Convention Party. The members are mainly well-known figures in society. Advocate establishing a government that cares about social justice and people's welfare based on Nkrumah's ideology, implementing a mixed economy, and maintaining African unity and world peace. President Nana Akosua Frimpomaa.

(4) People's National Convention: The opposition party. Nkrumah faction. Established on May 29, 1992. Advocating the defense of Nkrumah ideology, benefiting the people, and actively committed to the complete political and economic liberation of Africa. Chairman David Apasera.

In addition, there are political parties such as Every Ghana Living Everywhere, Ghana Democratic Republican Party, Democratic People's Party, Great Consolidated Popular Party, United Ghana Movement, National Reform Party, and Democratic Freedom Party.

Important figure: Nana Akufo Addo, President. Born on March 29, 1944 in Accra, the capital of Ghana. Obtained a degree in Economics from the University of Ghana and professional qualifications as a lawyer in both the UK and Ghana. In 1992, he co founded the New Patriotic Party with Kufuor and served as Minister of Justice, Attorney General, and Foreign Minister during Kufuor's tenure. Elected in December 2016, re elected in December 2020, and sworn in in in January 2021.

Mahamudu Bawumia, Vice President. Born on October 7, 1963 in the Northern Province of Ghana, he obtained a Bachelor's degree from the University of Buckingham in the United Kingdom, a Master's degree in Development Economics from the University of Oxford, and a PhD in Economics from Simon Fraser University in Canada. Former Deputy Governor of Ghana Central Bank. In the December 2016 election, he won as the running mate of Akufo Ado, was re elected in December 2020, and was sworn in in January 2021.

Mineral products, cocoa, and timber are the three pillar industries of the economy. The economic structural adjustment centered on establishing a market economy began in 1983 and achieved significant results. The title of least developed country was abolished by the United Nations in 1994. In the late 1990s, due to external factors such as the decline in gold and cocoa prices in the international market, Canada's economy was in a difficult situation, with a sharp increase in fiscal deficits and a significant devaluation of the currency. Joined the "heavily indebted poor countries initiative" in 2002. In 2004, it was confirmed by the International Monetary Fund that it had reached the economic completion point of heavily indebted poor countries and began to receive significant debt reductions from Western countries. According to World Bank standards, it has been classified as a low to middle-income country since 2010.

The macroeconomic situation remains basically stable. Since 2008, due to unfavorable factors such as the international financial crisis, economic development has been in a difficult situation. After the Mills government came to power, it adopted a series of stable economic policies. In addition, the production and sales of gold and cocoa, which are the pillars of foreign exchange earnings, have been strong, and commercial exploitation of oil and gas resources has been achieved. International financial institutions and investment have boosted confidence in Canada, and direct investment has shown a rapid growth trend. In 2011, Canada's GDP growth rate reached 15%, making it one of the fastest growing countries in Africa and even the world economy. However, due to factors such as the decline in international commodity prices and a downward trend in macroeconomic conditions, the economic growth rate dropped to 3.6% in 2016. To cope with economic difficulties, the Canadian government has taken a series of measures to increase revenue and reduce expenditure, strengthen foreign exchange trading controls, increase taxes, curb inflation, improve fiscal conditions, and strive to curb the downward trend of the economy.

After Akufo Addo took office as President in January 2017, he took promoting economic recovery as the first administrative priority, vigorously promoted the process of economic transformation and industrialization, introduced large-scale tax cuts and employment incentives, issued treasury bond, rectified the financial industry, improved the business environment, and the new offshore oil and gas fields effectively boosted economic growth, which reached 8.5% in 2017. In 2018, the national seven-year development plan was introduced to accelerate the promotion of flagship economic development projects such as "one county, one factory", "one village, one dam", and "planting for food and employment". Multiple new oil block tenders have been initiated, resulting in a significant increase in oil and gas production. Guided by the goal of building a 'Ghana Free from Aid', we strive to change the traditional aid model, attract foreign investment, and build Ghana into an economic and financial hub in West Africa. Since 2020, affected by the COVID-19, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other factors, the government's fiscal deficit has increased, and the public debt problem has become prominent. In December 2022, the Canadian government reached an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on a $3 billion economic bailout. In May 2023, the IMF approved the loan.

The main economic data for 2023 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product: 75.695 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 2294 US dollars.

Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate: 2.9%.

Currency name: Cedi (GHS).

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 15 cedi (October 2024).

(Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit)

【 Resources 】 Rich in mineral resources. The estimated gold reserves are 2 billion ounces, with nearly 200 million ounces of proven reserves, ranking second in Africa. In 2018, the gold production was 4.8 million ounces, ranking first in Africa. In 2021, gold production decreased to 2.72 million ounces, no longer the largest gold producing country in Africa. The estimated gold production in 2024 is 4 million ounces, the highest in three years. The estimated diamond reserves are 100 million carats, ranking fourth in the world. The proven reserves of bauxite and manganese ore are 130 million tons and 102 million tons, respectively. In addition, there are limestone, iron ore, rhodochrosite, quartz sand, and kaolin. At the end of 2011, a huge reserve of iron ore was discovered in the northern province of Canada. In June 2007, the Canadian government announced the discovery of abundant light crude oil resources in the three-point area of the West Coast of the Western Province, with a preliminary proven reserve of 1.5 billion barrels. Commercial oil production was achieved by the end of 2010. At present, the daily production of crude oil is about 190000 barrels. As of 2020, the cumulative output value of oil fields was 31.22 billion US dollars, and the government received oil revenue of 6.55 billion US dollars.

The industrial foundation is weak, and raw materials rely on imports. The main industries are mining, timber, food processing, cement, metallurgy, etc. The mining industry, such as gold and oil extraction, has become the most dynamic sector in recent years, with an average annual growth rate of 59.8% in output value. The contribution rate of industry to GDP in 2022 is 34.2%. Since 2000, mining revenue has been the main source of foreign exchange, accounting for an average annual proportion of 38% of its foreign exchange income. The manufacturing industry mainly includes wood and cocoa processing, textiles, cement, food, clothing, leather products, brewing, and rice milling. There are three steel plants that mainly produce steel bars from scrap steel, with an annual output of 120000 tons, which can meet the demand of the Canadian market. In order to protect the domestic textile industry, the government implemented punitive tariffs and other measures to restrict textile imports in July 2005. In April 2021, the Pramipram Steel Plant in Ghana was completed. The first phase of the plant cost $80 million, making it the largest steel plant in West Africa and the third largest in Africa. The initial annual production capacity is 250000 tons. In November 2020, Nissan opened a car assembly plant in Canada. In July 2021, Toyota's automobile assembly plant began production in Canada. In April 2022, Nissan's assembly plant began production in Canada.

Agriculture is the foundation of Canada's economy, with a contribution rate of 20.9% to GDP in 2022. The agricultural population is about 10.63 million, accounting for about half of the country's employed population. 7.31 million hectares of arable land have been utilized, with 30% already utilized. 110000 hectares of land can be irrigated, but the irrigated area only accounts for 7.5%. Grain crops are mainly distributed in the north, with a planting area of about 2.5 million hectares. The main grain crops are corn, potatoes, sorghum, rice, millet, etc. The yield is unstable, but in normal years it can basically meet domestic demand. Cocoa is the main economic crop with an annual output of 600000 to 800000 tons. It is planted in all provinces south of the Northern Province and is a traditional export product. From the 1920s to the 1970s, it ranked first in the world, with a production of 711000 tons in 2009, second only to Cote d'Ivoire. Other economic crops include oil palm, rubber, cotton, peanuts, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.

Wood exports have a history of nearly a hundred years, and forest coverage once accounted for 34% of the country's land area. Due to a lack of protection and management, forest coverage has been decreasing year by year. According to statistics from 2007, the forest area was 52900 hectares. The main timber forest is located in the southwest, with an area of 82000 square kilometers. There are 360 species of trees, and about 40 of them can be exported. In order to protect forest resources and increase export added value, the government has stipulated that only 1/40 of the forest should be cut down each year. Starting from 1996, the export of logs has been prohibited and replaced with the export of timber products and high value-added products. In 2004, forestry grew by 21.7%, and timber exports earned 211.7 million US dollars in foreign exchange, which has since shown a downward trend. In 2014, forestry exports amounted to 356000 cubic meters, generating approximately 138 million euros in foreign exchange. In 2017, forestry grew by 3%. In March 2019, the Canadian Ministry of Land and Resources announced the cessation of exporting rosewood. In 2019, forestry experienced a negative growth of 1.7%, with an output value of 2.072 billion cedi.

Fishery resources are abundant, divided into offshore fishery, lagoon fishery, and inland fishery. The maritime fishing industry dominates, but the rudimentary fishing equipment and shortage of fuel on fishing boats hinder the development of the fishing industry. 500000 people are engaged in fishing production, with an average annual catch of about 400000 tons and an annual demand of 900000 tons. There are still 500000 tons that need to be imported to solve the problem. Tuna and shrimp are the main export products. In 2012, the total fishing volume was 456000 tons, and the fishery output accounted for about 5% of the gross domestic product. In 2019, the contribution rate of fishery output to GDP was 0.9%.

Transportation mainly relies on highways. In recent years, the government has attached great importance to road infrastructure construction, with funding accounting for nearly 50% of total development expenditures.

Railway: The total length is 1300 kilometers, but currently only 64 kilometers of railway can maintain operation, of which 54 kilometers connect Asanti Province and Western Province, and the other 10 kilometers connect Accra and Tema Port. Mainly responsible for the transportation of large quantities of exported goods such as manganese, bauxite, wood, and cocoa. The Canadian government plans to invest 7.8 billion US dollars in the construction of 1400 kilometers of railways in the next four years. The railway freight volume in 2009 was 150000 tons. The Akufo Ado government has repaired multiple sections of railways in the Greater Accra, Eastern, and Western provinces, allocating $1 billion in 2018 for the construction of new railways.

Highways account for 98% of the total freight volume in the country. Since 2000, the government has continuously increased investment in this field, and the development of highway infrastructure has been rapid. Currently, the total length of highways is 67000 kilometers, including 13500 kilometers of main roads. In recent years, the Ghanaian government has focused on implementing road projects such as the Eastern Corridor and Western Corridor. The Akufo Ado government is planning to construct 11000 kilometers of roads nationwide. During its first term, the government has completed over 4000 kilometers of road construction, and the remaining 6000 kilometers will be completed by the end of 2024.

Air freight: Two local airlines have been established, with a total of 8 civil airports and 37 international routes. The new Accra Kotoka International Airport was opened in 2004, with an annual passenger capacity of 7.5 million. It is an important aviation hub in West Africa, providing direct flights to Europe, the United States, South Africa, and various countries in West Africa. In 2016 and 2017, approximately 1.75 million and 1.81 million international tourists were received. Major cities in China such as Takoradi, Kumasi, and Tamali have opened domestic flights. In April 2019, the International Civil Aviation Organization reported that Ghana received the highest score of 89.99 in the All Africa Civil Aviation Safety Assessment.

Water transportation: There are mainly Tema Port and Takoradi Port. Tema Port is the largest man-made seaport in Africa, with a throughput of 15.5 million tons in 2018, mainly used for importing goods. Currently undergoing expansion, the first phase of the expansion project was completed in July 2020, increasing the annual throughput capacity from 1 million TEUs to 2.5 million TEUs. The throughput of Takoradi Port reached 9.9 million tons in 2019, mainly used for exporting goods. Ghana is also building a river port on Lake Volta and establishing an inland shipping network, but the port and shipping facilities are incomplete.

The Central Bank of Ghana is responsible for managing banks and other financial sectors. In 1989, the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) was established. Listed companies mainly operate in the manufacturing, brewing, banking, insurance, mining, and petroleum industries. In 2017, the Canadian government issued $2.25 billion of treasury bond, replacing foreign debt and short-term debt with domestic debt and long-term debt, reducing the pressure on the government to repay debt. In March 2019, the Canadian government issued $3 billion in European bonds. As of December 2019, the total assets of the Canadian banking industry amounted to 129.06 billion cedi, a year-on-year increase of 22.8%. In March 2021, Canada issued $3 billion in bonds in the international capital market. In 2020, it absorbed a total of 2.65 billion US dollars in foreign direct investment. In 2021, it absorbed a total of 2.6 billion US dollars in foreign direct investment, ranking second in West Africa and seventh in Africa.

Foreign trade plays an important role in the national economy. Since the 1990s, foreign trade has been growing year by year, and foreign trade revenue accounts for about 40% of the gross domestic product. Implement trade liberalization policies. For a long time, nearly 90% of foreign exchange earnings have come from the three traditional export products of gold, cocoa, and timber. The main trading partners are China, the United States, India, Belgium, Switzerland, and South Africa. The total foreign trade volume in 2022 is about 33.1 billion US dollars, with exports of about 17.4 billion US dollars and imports of about 15.7 billion US dollars. (Source: London Economic Quarterly Review, March 2023). In March 2021, Ghana and the United Kingdom signed a free trade agreement that came into effect that same month. According to the agreement, Canadian goods are imported into the UK duty-free and quota free, while British goods enjoy tariff reductions when entering Ghana. In July, the Temporary Economic Partnership Agreement between Ghana and the European Union came into effect. According to the agreement, nearly 80% of products manufactured in Ghana can enter the EU market duty-free and quota free. By 2029, 78% of EU imported products will be gradually exempted from tariffs.

Bilateral aid mainly comes from countries such as Japan, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France; Multilateral aid mainly comes from the World Bank, the European Union, and the International Monetary Fund. The first batch of loans from the World Bank to Canada began in 1962, and by 1996, a total of approximately 3.5 billion US dollars had been loaned. In August 2014, the United States and Ghana signed a $498.2 million aid agreement within the framework of the Millennium Challenge Plan. In April 2015, the International Monetary Fund signed an emergency rescue agreement with the Canadian government, approving the issuance of 664.2 million Special Drawing Rights (equivalent to 918 million US dollars) over a period of three years to Canada. In April 2019, Ghana officially withdrew from the International Monetary Fund's emergency rescue program. In May 2017, the International Development Association of the World Bank pledged to provide $1.2 billion over the next three years to support the Ghanaian government's budget and development projects. In July 2018, the Ghanaian Parliament approved a $150 million loan project from the World Bank's International Development Association, primarily for road construction. From 2014 to 2020, the European Union provided 323 million euros in support to Ghana. In February 2020, the African Development Bank provided $81.67 million to Canada to assist in the construction of the first phase of the Eastern Corridor Highway project. In October, Canada signed a "COVID-19 Response Agreement" with the EU with a total amount of about 87 million euros. In November, Canada signed an economic cooperation agreement with South Korea, which will provide $400 million in preferential loans from 2020 to 2022 to support the construction of five projects, including the upgrading and renovation of the West African Maritime University; Canada has signed an agreement with Switzerland to promote the implementation of the Paris Agreement, and Canada will provide carbon emissions to Switzerland and receive financial support from Switzerland. In July 2021, Canada signed an agreement with the International Development Association of the World Bank, in which the World Bank will provide Canada with $200 million to purchase vaccines, and Canada will receive a total of $430 million from the World Bank to respond to the pandemic. In April 2022, the European Union and France provided 39.7 million euros and 5 million euros respectively in aid to Canada for the construction of irrigation facilities. The United States Agency for International Development provided $29.1 million for the Canada North Health Project. Currently, the World Bank's active investments in Ghana include 21 projects worth $3.6 billion.

According to the Human Development Index released by the United Nations Development Programme's 2020 Human Development Report, Ghana ranks 138th in terms of people's livelihoods. Over the past decade, the overall living standards of the people have improved. In June 2020, the Ghana Bureau of Statistics reported that 45% of Ghanaians live in poverty. Government officials, workers, and other civil servants are entitled to various subsidies such as medical care, housing, transportation, as well as retirement pensions and insurance. About one-third of the population in the country lives in poverty, with incomes below two-thirds of the average level, and 7% of the total population living in extreme poverty below one-third of the national average level. 80% of the impoverished population lives in rural areas. In 2012, Ghana was listed by the International Telecommunication Union as one of the countries with the fastest progress in information technology construction. In 2012, there were 285000 fixed line telephone users and 25.61 million mobile phone users nationwide. The Akufo Ado government has launched a series of measures to strengthen digital economy, such as new ID cards, new driver's licenses, real estate digital addresses, mobile payments, etc. In 2018, the electronic transaction volume reached 233 billion cedi, an increase of 43% compared to the previous year; The electronic payment account of commercial banks reached 2.6 billion cedi, an increase of 13.48% over the previous year; There were 393000 mobile payment institutions, an increase of 103% compared to the previous year. In August 2020, the Canadian Parliament approved $200 million to support small and micro enterprises and individual entrepreneurship programs, with an expected creation of approximately 200000 job opportunities within 6 years. As of September 2022, 106 factories have been built through the "One County, One Factory" initiative, directly or indirectly creating approximately 289000 job opportunities. According to data from the Ghana Bureau of Statistics, the unemployment rate in Ghana reached 13.4% in 2021, with approximately 1.55 million people.

At present, there are 4 national hospitals and nearly 3000 provincial hospitals, health centers, and clinics in China, with an average of one doctor per 10000 people. After 2000, the government vigorously developed the National Health Insurance Program, which currently covers 48% of the country's population. The Akufo Ado government plans to implement a universal healthcare plan. The population growth rate is about 2%, and the average life expectancy is 64 years. In 2021, the prevalence rate of AIDS will be 1.7%. In 2018, Ghana completely eradicated trachoma and was commended by the World Health Assembly. In May 2021, Ghana formulated a national malaria control plan, with the goal of reducing malaria mortality by 90% and incidence rate by 50% by 2025, and achieving the goal of eliminating malaria in six provinces.

In March 1957, the army was established upon independence, and in 1959, the navy and air force were established. The President is the Commander in Chief of the National Armed Forces. Hire consultants or instructors from countries such as the UK and Canada to participate in military training and officer training. The equipment mainly comes from Western countries such as the UK.

The total number of troops is about 15500, including 11500 in the army, 2000 in the navy, and 2000 in the air force. Since the 1970s, it has participated in peacekeeping operations organized by the United Nations and West African organizations, deploying troops or observers to countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon, Cyprus, the Iraq Kuwait border, Western Sahara, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and C ô te d'Ivoire. It is one of the countries in Africa that has sent the largest number of United Nations peacekeeping forces, ranking eighth in the world. In addition, Canada has also sent troops to areas such as Darfur in Sudan to actively participate in the African Union's mediation and peacekeeping missions in conflict zones.

Culture is based on the traditional culture of the country and has also absorbed European culture. The official agency in charge is the National Cultural Commission, established in 1989. Its main members are 16 well-known figures from various fields such as academia, music, dance, painting, and religion. Work closely with educational institutions and unofficial cultural institutions to implement national cultural policies, protect and promote the development of national culture. In addition to the Cultural Commission, there are also institutions such as the Ghana Language Affairs Bureau and the Copyright Office jointly committed to cultural work. In July 2021, Ghanaian boxer Samuel Taki won a bronze medal in the men's 57kg category at the Tokyo Olympics, marking Ghana's fourth Olympic boxing medal. In March 2024, Ghana will host the 13th African Games.

In the early days of independence, Nkrumah attached great importance to the development of education and implemented policies such as free education. In 1988, the government proposed the "Universal Compulsory Basic Education Plan", which aimed to provide compulsory basic education to every school-age child by 2005, with funding mainly coming from government grants and foreign aid. Realize free education from kindergarten to high school in 2018. Current educational system: 6 years for primary school, 3 years for junior high school, 3 years for high school (or 3-4 years for secondary technical schools), and 2-4 years for university. There are six important universities, among which the University of Ghana, Kumasyan Kruma University of Technology, and Cape Coast University are more famous. There are also 38 teacher training colleges, 10 local technical colleges, and over 50 private universities and colleges. There are currently about 12000 public primary schools in China, with approximately 4.1 million students; 6418 public junior high schools with approximately 1.45 million students; There are nearly 474 public high schools with approximately 900000 students (including technical school students); There are about 50000 students enrolled in private junior and senior high schools.

Ghana News Agency: The official news agency, established in 1957, is the main source of news for other domestic news organizations. There are 10 provincial-level branches. Since 1989, modern communication equipment has been used to receive news from Reuters, Agence France Presse and Xinhua via satellite and access the Internet.

The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation has established two national radio stations, one broadcasting in six ethnic languages including Ewe and Akon, and the other broadcasting news, business, entertainment and other programs in English, with 15.5 hours of broadcasting per day (17.5 hours on holidays). In addition, English and French are also used for external broadcasting.

Television programs began airing in July 1965, color television programs began airing in 1986, and private television stations emerged in 1996. There are currently 10 television stations in the country, mainly including Ghana Television, Television Three, Urban Television, Africa Television, and two satellite television stations.

We adhere to a foreign policy of "active neutrality" and attach great importance to conducting economic diplomacy. Prioritize the development of relations with developed Western countries and seek political, economic, and military support. Seeking peaceful coexistence and mutual cooperation with neighboring countries, striving to maintain peace and stability in the sub region, and promoting the process of regional integration in West Africa. Actively participate in regional and international cooperation, establish the image of an important West African country, and strive to enhance its international influence. Pay attention to strengthening relations with developing countries and promoting economic and trade cooperation. It is one of the founding countries of the predecessor of the African Union, the Organization of African Unity, and the Non Aligned Movement. In June 2021, he was elected as a non permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2022-2023 term.

As the former suzerain state of Canada, Britain has traditional interests and influence in politics, economy, military, culture, and other aspects of Canada. The UK is Canada's largest investor and important trading partner. Canada is the third largest market and largest recipient country for the UK in sub Saharan Africa. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the relationship between the two countries was initially cold, but gradually improved. In 2005, President Kufuor visited the UK. In 2007, President Kufuor visited the UK twice. In 2009, President Mills visited the UK. In 2013, the British Chief of Defence Staff and Foreign Secretary visited Canada respectively, and President Mahama visited the UK and met with British Prime Minister Cameron. In 2014 and 2015, President Mahama visited the UK twice. In April 2016, the UK Secretary of State for International Development visited Canada and announced the provision of 4 million euros in aid to Canada's electoral department. In May, Prince Edward of England visited Canada. In February 2017, British Foreign Secretary Johnson visited Canada. In November 2018, Prince Charles of England visited Canada. In February 2019, Vice President Bavumia went to the UK to attend the second UK Ghana Business Council meeting. In April, British Foreign Secretary Hunter visited Canada. In October, the UK Ghana Business Forum was held in Accra. The trade volume between the UK and Canada in 2019 was 1.2 billion pounds. In January 2020, President Akufo Ado went to the UK to attend the first UK Africa Investment Summit. The UK granted £ 326 million in credit to Canada to support the construction of offshore oil and gas projects, the expansion of Kumasi Airport, and other projects. In June 2021, British Home Secretary Patel visited Canada. In July, President Akufo Ado went to the UK to attend the Global Education Summit. In April 2022, President Akufo Ado visited the UK. Former British Prime Minister Blair visits Canada. In June, Secretary of State for the British Armed Forces, Hipper, visited Canada. In December, the 7th meeting of the UK Ghana Business Council was held.

The economic and technological assistance from the United States to Canada began in 1955. Canada was the first country in the world to accept the United States Peace Corps. After 1976, the relationship between the two countries was once cold. Since the late 1980s, the United States has supported economic reforms in Canada and resumed aid to Canada. In 2005 and 2006, President Kufuor visited the United States three times and held talks with President Bush. In 2006, President Kufuor visited the United States twice, meeting with President Bush and attending the ceremony where the Millennium Challenge Account provided approximately $547 million in aid. In 2008, US Presidents Bush and Obama visited Canada respectively. In 2012, President Mills visited the United States and the US provided $790 million in loans to Canada for infrastructure construction. In August 2014, President Mahama went to the United States to attend the US Africa Summit. In October 2016, Ghana and the United States Millennium Challenge Account Company signed a second agreement. In September 2017, President Akufo Ado met with US President Trump during his attendance at the United Nations General Assembly in the United States. In 2018, President Akufo Ado attended the National Governors' Winter Conference in the United States. In April, Vice President Bavumia led a delegation to visit Silicon Valley in the United States; First Lady Melania visits Canada. In 2019, Speaker Pelosi visited Canada. In January 2020, the United States provided $35 million to establish a National Border Security Center in Canada to combat terrorism, drug trafficking, and piracy. In February 2021, Commander Thompson of the US Africa Command visited Ghana; In July, Ghana and the United States signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Strategic Civil Nuclear Cooperation. In January 2022, Vice President Bavumia visited the United States; In March, President Akufo Ado will attend the International Leaders' Summit in the United States. In December, President Akufo Addo went to the United States to attend the US Africa Summit and meet with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken. In 2022, the bilateral trade volume between Canada and the United States will be 3.7 billion US dollars. In March 2023, US Vice President Harris visited Canada and met with President Akufo Ado.

Germany has been providing aid to Ghana since 1961 and was once the country's largest aid donor, the third largest investor after the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2004, German Prime Minister Schroeder visited Canada for the first time in 47 years since Canada's independence, and reached an agreement to cancel all of Canada's debts (totaling $16.4 million). In 2007, German President Kohler made a working visit to Canada and co chaired the second German African Conference with President Kufuor. In 2012, the German Development Bank provided a loan of 40 million US dollars to Canada to help with climate change and other projects. In 2013, German Foreign Minister Westerwelle visited Canada. In February 2015, President Mahama visited Germany. In November 2016, Gade signed a loan agreement worth 40.82 million euros for the development of the power industry and the strengthening of government capacity building. In December 2017, German President Steinmeier visited Ghana and signed a 100 million euro bilateral investment agreement. Germany plans to expand its investment in renewable energy and vocational education in Ghana. In February 2018, President Akufo Ado went to Germany to attend the 5th German African Economic Forum and met with German Chancellor Merkel. In August, German Chancellor Merkel visited Canada. In February 2019, the third Germany Africa Business Summit was held in Accra. In November, President Akufo Ado attended the "Africa Partnership" conference in Berlin and met with German Chancellor Merkel. In January 2020, Dega signed a memorandum of cooperation, as part of its "Africa Partnership Initiative," in which Ghana will receive $250 million to upgrade and expand its power transmission facilities; De donated a new dormitory building to the Ghana Army Engineer Training School. In June 2021, the Ghana Technical Association and the German International Cooperation Agency signed a memorandum of understanding, and the German International Cooperation Agency will build a digital information conversion center in Ghana. In July 2021, President Akufo Ado visited Germany to attend the G20 Africa Compact Summit held in Berlin.

In 1999, France and Ghana signed a bilateral investment promotion and protection agreement, promising to provide $34 million in aid to Ghana annually and including Ghana in the list of priority solidarity zone countries. In addition, cooperation in cultural, educational, and other fields is equally valued by the law. In 2004, France announced the cancellation of an additional 116 million euros in debt. In 2005, President Kufuor visited France. In 2007, President Kufuor attended the 24th Franco African Summit held in France as the rotating chairman of the African Union. In 2010, President Mills went to France to attend the Franco African Summit. In 2011, French Prime Minister Fillon visited Canada and provided a loan of 40 million euros and a grant of 500000 euros. In 2013, President Mahama visited France. In October 2015, President Mahama visited France. In November, President Mahama went to France to attend the Paris Climate Change Conference. In June 2016, the Canadian Ministry of Finance signed an agreement with the French International Development Agency to obtain 37.5 million euros for projects such as the Kumasi Road. In September, President Mahama visited France again. In June 2019, the French International Development Agency signed a € 30 million technical assistance agreement with the Ghana Energy Commission to support the development of renewable energy in Ghana. In July of the same year, President Akufo Ado visited France. In August 2020, the French International Development Agency approved a 10-year loan agreement worth $85 million and provided € 400000 in technical assistance to Canada's infrastructure investment fund to help implement the Paris Climate Change Agreement. In May 2021, President Akufo Ado paid a working visit to France to attend the African Economic Finance Summit held in Paris. In June 2023, President Akufo Ado will conduct a working visit to France.

Since 1983, the relationship between the two countries has rapidly developed. In recent years, Japan has designated Canada as an important base for aid to Africa. In 1998, Japan received an official development assistance of 147.7 million US dollars, becoming the largest aid recipient in Africa. Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi has visited Canada several times, and Presidents Kufuor and Mills have also visited Japan. In March 2013, the Japanese government provided $16 million in aid to Canada for projects related to electricity, food safety and hygiene, as well as solar power generation. Additionally, it provided $5.7 million in grants for food safety and hygiene, and donated $6.8 million to the University of Ghana for solar power research projects. In 2013 and 2016, President Mahama visited Japan twice. In January 2014, President Mahama went to Cote d'Ivoire to attend the Japan Western Community member state summit. In August 2016, President Mahama attended the 6th Tokyo International Conference on African Development held in Kenya. In December, the Canadian government borrowed $100 million from the Japan International Cooperation Agency for the construction of a steel bridge in Volta Province. In April 2017, the Japanese government provided $58.4 million in preferential loans to Canada for the construction of the Tema Expressway roundabout and some sections of the N8 highway. In April 2018, President Akufo Ado attended the completion ceremony of the second phase expansion project of the Sekondi Fishing Port Terminal, which was built with Japanese aid. In December, President Akufo Ado visited Japan and provided $57 million in aid to Canada. In August 2019, President Ado went to Japan to attend the Tokyo International Conference on African Development, during which he met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. In October, the First Lady of Canada, Rebecca Akufo Ado, represented the Canadian government to attend the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Naruhito in Japan. In December, the Ghana Japan Business Promotion Council was established in Accra. In May 2020, the Tema Expressway Overpass Project, funded by the Japanese government, was officially opened to traffic with a project cost of 57 million US dollars. In November of the same year, Nissan opened a car assembly plant in Canada. In May 2023, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida visited Ghana for the first time in 17 years.

The relationship with Nigeria is close. The two countries actively promote the economic integration process in West Africa and have reached an agreement to accelerate the regional integration process through a "fast track" approach. The two countries coordinate with each other on issues such as mediating regional conflicts and reforming the United Nations Security Council, and support Nepal's accession to the UN Security Council. In 2010, Canadian President Mills attended the 37th Western Community Summit held in Nigeria and met with Nepalese Acting President Jonathan. In 2010, President Mills went to Nigeria to pay his respects to the late former president of Nigeria, Yar'Adua. In 2010, President Mills visited Nepal and held talks with President Jonathan. In 2011, President Jonathan visited Canada. President Mahama has visited Nepal multiple times. In 2013, Nepalese President Jonathan attended the inauguration ceremony of President Mahama. In September 2015, Nepalese President Buhari visited Canada. In December 2016, President Mahama went to Nepal to discuss with leaders of West African countries a solution to the electoral crisis in The Gambia. In March 2018, Nepalese President Buhari visited Canada and attended the celebration of Canada's 61st anniversary of independence. In September 2020, Speaker of the Nepalese House Fermi visited Canada.

We attach great importance to neighborly friendship and maintain good cooperative relations with neighboring countries.

There was a long-standing dispute between Canada and Togo over the ownership of "West Togo". After Canadian President Rollins was elected as the Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States in 1994, relations between the two countries eased. In 2001, President Eyadema attended the inauguration ceremony of President Kufuor, and after Kufuor took office, he made an official visit to Togo, which greatly improved the relationship between the two countries. In 2004, President Kufuor made a working visit to Duoduo. In February 2005, after the death of President Eyadema, there was a political crisis in the country, and President Kufuor actively participated in mediation. In May of the same year, President Faure visited Canada. In 2007, President Faure visited Canada. In 2012, President Mills visited Toronto. In November 2014, President Faure visited Canada. In April 2015, President Mahama visited multiple countries. From 2017 to 2018, President Akufo Ado visited multiple countries to coordinate and mediate constitutional crises, and urged dialogue between the ruling and opposition parties. In July 2021, after consultation and joint visits to the disputed site, the two countries agreed to propose a permanent solution to the border issue along the Kopelig River.

The relationship between Canada and Cote d'Ivoire was once in a "frozen state" for a long time. In March 1997, President Bedi é led a delegation to attend the 40th anniversary of Canada's independence celebration, and the relationship between the two countries quickly heated up. In 2001, President Babo and President Kufuor exchanged visits. In January 2009, President Babo attended the inauguration ceremony of President Mills. After the election crisis in Kosovo, Ghana explicitly opposed the military intervention of the Western Community in Kosovo. In 2011, President Ouattara visited Canada and signed a tripartite agreement with the Canadian government and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to repatriate 18000 Ivorian refugees in Canada. In 2012, President Mahama visited Kosovo. In January 2014, Mahama went to Kuwait to attend the Japan Western Community member state summit. In September, Vice President Arthur met with President Ouattara in Accra. In March 2016, President Mahama visited Kosovo. In May 2017, President Akufo Ado visited Kosovo. Kako has long been embroiled in maritime boundary disputes. In 2009, Ke submitted a delimitation application to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, claiming the disputed waters between the two countries, which caused strong dissatisfaction from Canada and affected the relationship between the two countries. Under the mediation of the United Nations and other organizations, bilateral relations have eased to some extent. At the end of 2014, the two countries submitted the above-mentioned dispute to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. In September 2017, the court made a ruling delineating the maritime boundary between the two countries, and both sides expressed acceptance of the ruling.

In July 2011, President Mills visited Iran. In October, Hernandez, Vice Chairman of the Cuban State Council, visited Canada. In November, President Mills visited Canada. In March 2013, Lebanese President Suleiman visited Canada. In April, Iranian President Ahmadinejad visited Canada. In November 2014, Vice President Arthur visited India. In December, President Mahama visited Qatar and Kenya respectively. In February 2015, the Presidents of Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo visited Canada. In March, President Mahama visited Botswana. In October, President Mahama went to India to attend the third India Africa Summit. In November, President Mahama attended the inauguration ceremony of Burkina Faso's President Kabore. In February 2016, President Mahama visited Iran and the Italian Prime Minister visited Canada. In March, the President of Türkiye visited Canada. In April, Vice President Arthur attended the inauguration ceremonies of the presidents of Niger and Benin, and the Prime Minister of Ethiopia visited Canada. In May, the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago visited Canada. In June, the Indian President visited Canada. In May 2017, President Akufo Ado visited Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Mali. In March 2018, President Akufo Ado went to India to attend the International Solar Energy Summit. In April, Liberian President Weah visited Canada. In May, Guinea Bissau Prime Minister Gomes and Guinea President Conte visited Canada successively. In 2019, President Akufo Ado received South African President Ramaphosa's visit to Ghana, attended the inauguration ceremony of President Rajoelina in Madagascar, attended the Special Summit on the Establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Special Summits of the African Union and Sub Regional Economic Coordination and the Western Community in Niamey, the capital of Niger, attended the 9th Summit of Heads of State and Government of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, and attended the 2nd Africa Investment Forum in Johannesburg, South Africa. In 2020, President Akufo Ado visited Norway and Switzerland, and received the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago and interim President of the Transitional Government of Mali, Boundao, during his visit to Canada; As a member of the delegation of the Western Community, I went to Mali to mediate the political crisis, attended the 57th Summit of the Western Community in Niger, and was elected as the rotating chairman of the Western Community. In 2021, President Akufo Ado visited Burkina Faso, attended the 7th Sahel Summit in Chad, attended the funeral of former Prime Minister Bakayo in Cote d'Ivoire, attended the inauguration ceremony of President Sassou in Congo (Brazzaville), attended the 60th anniversary celebration of Sierra Leone's independence in Sierra Leone, attended the Pan African Parliament meeting in South Africa, attended the inauguration ceremony of President Museveni in Uganda, and attended the meeting of the Western Community in Nigeria. Received visits from Angolan President Lorenzo and South African President Ramaphosa to Canada. In 2022, President Akufo Ado visited Guyana, Niger, France, and other countries, attended the African Union summit in Ethiopia, attended the COP27 conference in Egypt, and held the first summit of the "Accra Initiative" in Accra; Received visits from the President of Hungary, the President of Mozambique, the Prime Minister of Barbados, the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Prime Minister of South Korea, and others to Canada. In recent years, President Akufo Ado has hosted several Western Community summits and special summits in Accra. In July 2023, Zambian President Hicklema will pay a state visit to Ghana; President Akufo Ado went to Liberia to attend the Western Community meeting. In March 2024, President Akufo Ado made a working visit to South Africa.