Indonesia Passport

【 Country Name 】 Republic of Indonesia

[Area] 1913578.68 square kilometers.

[Population] 281 million (as of October 2024), the fourth most populous country in the world.

There are hundreds of ethnic groups, with Javanese accounting for 45% of the population, as well as Sunda, Madura, Malay, and others.

[Language] Indonesian.

About 87% of the population believes in Islam, making it the country with the largest Muslim population in the world.

Jakarta, the capital, has a permanent population of 10.56 million.

President Prabowo Subianto, who took office on October 20, 2024, will serve until October 2029.

[Important Festivals] Islamic Eid al Fitr and Eid al Adha; National Awakening Day (commemorating the establishment of the Indonesian national movement organization "Zhishan Society" in 1908) on May 20th; Independence Day is August 17th.

After gaining independence on August 17, 1945, he successively armed himself against the invasions of Britain and the Netherlands, during which he was forced to change to the Federal Republic of Indonesia and join the Dutch Indian Federation. In August 1950, it was restored to the Republic of Indonesia, and in August 1954, it separated from the Dutch Indian Federation.

The 1997 Asian financial crisis had a comprehensive impact on Indonesia, causing turmoil in the situation. In May 1998, President Suharto, who had been in power for 32 years, resigned and Vice President B. J. Habibie took over as president. In October 1999, the Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly (PPP) elected Abdurrahman Wahid as President and Megawati Sukarnoputri as Vice President. On July 23, 2001, a special meeting of the People's Association dismissed President Wahid on charges of dereliction of duty, and Megawati took over as president, with Hamzah Haz serving as vice president. In July 2004, Indonesia held its first presidential direct election in history, with former Minister of Political Security Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Minister of People's Welfare, Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, winning through two rounds of direct elections. In July 2009, Indonesia held its second presidential election, with Susilo and former central bank governor Boediono winning the first round as their running mate. In July 2014, Indonesia held its third presidential direct election, with Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo and former Vice President Yusuf Kalla winning. In April 2019, Indonesia held its first simultaneous presidential and legislative elections in history. Joko and Ma'ruf Amin, the President of the Indonesian Islamic Law Scholars Council, teamed up to win the presidential election with 55.5% of the vote and were inaugurated in October 2019. In February 2024, Indonesia held its fifth presidential direct election. Prabowo Subianto, then Minister of Defense and Chairman of the Indonesian Action Party, and Gibran Rakabuming Raka, Mayor of Solo, won the election and became President and Vice President on October 20, 2024, respectively.

The current constitution is the "Fourth Five Year Plan Constitution". The constitution was promulgated and implemented on August 18, 1945, and underwent four revisions between October 1999 and August 2002. The Constitution stipulates that Indonesia is a unitary republic, and "faith in Shintoism, humanitarianism, nationalism, democracy, and social justice" are the five fundamental principles of its founding (referred to as "Pancasila"). Implement a presidential system, where the president serves as the head of state, executive head, and supreme commander of the armed forces. Since 2004, the President and Vice President are no longer elected by the People's Consultative Assembly and are now directly elected by the people; He can only be re elected once every five years. The President appoints the Cabinet, which is accountable to the President.

The full name of the People's Association is the People's Consultative Conference. The national legislative body, composed of the People's Congress (National Assembly) and local representative councils, is responsible for formulating, amending, and promulgating the Constitution, as well as supervising the President. If the president violates the constitution, he has the right to impeach and dismiss the president. Elections are held every 5 years. The current People's Association was established in October 2024, with a total of 732 members, including 580 members of parliament and 152 members of local representative councils. There is one chairman and eight vice chairmen. The current chairman is Ahmad Muzani.

The full name of the National Assembly is the People's Congress. The national legislative body exercises general legislative power except for constitutional amendments. Congress has no power to dismiss the President, and the President cannot announce the dissolution of Congress at that time; But if the President violates the Constitution, Congress has the right to recommend that the People's Congress hold the President accountable. The current Congress was established in October 2024, with a total of 580 members who also serve as members of the People's Congress for a term of five years. The current Speaker is Puan Maharani.

The Local Representative Council is a newly established legislative body in October 2004, responsible for legislative work related to local autonomy, the relationship between the central and local governments, the division of local provinces and cities, and national resource management. There are currently 152 members, who also serve as protocol officers. The current chairman is Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin.

The current cabinet will be formed in October 2024 and will serve until October 2029.

There are 38 first level administrative regions (provincial level) and 514 second level administrative regions (county/city level) in total.

The judicial system implements the separation of powers, with the Supreme Court independent of the legislative and executive branches. The President of the Supreme Court is elected by the judges of the Supreme Court, and the current President is Muhammad Syarifuddin.

The Political Parties Law promulgated in 1975 only allows three political parties to exist, namely the Professional Group Party, the Indonesian Democratic Party, and the Construction Unity Party. The party ban was lifted in May 1998. In the 2024 general election, a total of 18 political parties ran for election, with 8 parties winning seats in parliament. The Democratic Struggle Party remained the largest party in parliament. The main major parties include:

(1) The Democratic Struggle Party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan): composed of individuals who split from the former Indonesian Democratic Party, was officially established in October 1998. It is a nationalist political party and a representative of secular political forces in Indonesia. Using 'Pancasila' as the political platform, promoting national spirit, and opposing religious and racial discrimination. The current President is Megawati Soekarnoputri.

(2) The Professional Group Party (Partai Golongan Karya): In 1959, it formed a loose joint secretariat of professional groups. In October 1964, a professional group was jointly established by 61 mass organizations. In December 1970, it expanded to include 291 mass organizations as a professional organization. From 1967 to June 1999, it was the de facto ruling party, but always referred to itself as a social and political organization. It was officially declared a political party on March 7, 1999. Taking "Pancasila" as the political platform, advocating political system reform based on democracy and civil rights, safeguarding human rights, and improving people's livelihoods. The President is Airlangga Hartarto.

(3) The Greater Indonesia Action Party (Gerindra) was founded on February 6, 2008, with "Pancasila" as its political platform, advocating nationalism and humanitarianism. President Prabowo Subianto has participated in three presidential or vice presidential elections in 2009, 2014, and 2019, all of which were unsuccessful. He won the presidential election in 2024 and will take office on October 20, 2024.

(4) National Democratic Party (Partai Nasional Demokrat): Established in July 2011, formerly known as the mass organization "National Democracy". With the aim of building an independent, unified, just, and prosperous country, we advocate leveraging the collective power of the people to achieve the rejuvenation of Indonesia. President Surya Paloh.

(5) The National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa): founded in July 1998, advocates the establishment of a democratic, open, and clean national political system, opposes religious politicization and discrimination, opposes all actions that undermine national unity and solidarity, and opposes the establishment of a state where politics and religion are integrated. General Chairman Muhaimin Iskandar.

[Important Figures]

Prabowo Subiyando: President of Indonesia and Chairman of the Greater Indonesia Action Party. Born in Jakarta in October 1951, he believes in Islam. In 1970, he enrolled in the Magalang Military Academy in Indonesia and served in the Indonesian National Army after graduation. He lost three elections in 2009, 2014, and 2019, and has been serving as the Minister of Defense of Indonesia since 2019. On March 20, 2024, he was elected as the new President of Indonesia and sworn in on October 20 for a term of five years.

Jibran Lakabumin Raqqa: Vice President, former President Joko's eldest son, and Mayor of Solo City. Born in October 1987 in Solo City, I believe in Islam. I studied undergraduate at the Singapore Institute of Management and Development. Joined the Democratic Struggle Party in 2019, was elected as the mayor of Solo City in 2020, and took office in February 2021. On March 20, 2024, as President Prabowo's partner, he won the election and was sworn in on October 20 for a five-year term.

Indonesia is the largest economy in ASEAN. Agriculture, industry, and service industries all play important roles in the national economy. The average annual GDP growth from 1950 to 1965 was only 2%. In the late 1960s, the economic structure was adjusted and the economy began to accelerate. From 1970 to 1996, the GDP grew at an average annual rate of 6%, making it a middle-income country. In 1997, it was severely hit by the Asian financial crisis, resulting in a severe economic recession and a significant devaluation of the currency. At the end of 1999, there was a slow recovery, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 3% -4%. At the end of 2003, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) planned to end its economic supervision. After President Susilo took office in 2004, he actively took measures to attract foreign investment, develop infrastructure, rectify the financial system, and support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, achieving positive results and maintaining economic growth of over 5%. Since 2008, in the face of the international financial crisis, the Indonesian government has responded appropriately and the economy has maintained rapid growth. Since 2014, economic growth has slowed down due to the global economic downturn and the Federal Reserve's adjustment of monetary policy. After President Joko Widodo took office, he proposed the concept of building a "global maritime pivot", vigorously developing the marine economy and infrastructure, and maintaining steady economic growth. In 2023, Indonesia's gross domestic product will reach 20892.4 trillion Indonesian rupiah (approximately 1.37 trillion US dollars), a year-on-year increase of 5.05%; Per capita GDP of 4920 US dollars;      

Foreign trade plays an important role in Indonesia's national economy. The government has taken a series of measures to encourage and promote the export of non oil and gas products, simplify export procedures, and reduce tariffs. In 2023, the foreign trade volume was 480.71 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 9.21%. The inflation rate in Indonesia was 2.61% in 2023 and 2.78% in the first half of 2024. In recent years, the foreign trade situation is as follows (unit: billion US dollars).