Kyrgyzstan Passport

【 Country Name 】 The Kyrgyz Republic, abbreviated as Kyrgyzstan.

【 Area 】 19.99 million square kilometers.

Population: 7.2 million (as of January 2024). There are more than 80 ethnic groups, of which the Kyrgyz account for 73.6%, the Uzbek account for 14.7%, the Russian account for 5.6%, the Donggan account for 1.1%, the Uygur account for 0.9%, the Tajik account for 0.9%, the Türkiye account for 0.7%, the Kazak account for 0.6%, and other ethnic groups are Tatar, Azerbaijan, Korea, Ukraine, etc.

More than 70% of residents believe in Islam, with the majority being Sunni.

Kyrgyz is the national language, and Russian is the official language.

Currency: Som (1 US dollar is equivalent to 85.5 Som).

【 Capital 】 Bishkek (Биチкек), with a population of 1.145 million (as of December 2023). The average temperature in January is -4.7 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 24.5 ℃.

Osh, Оチ, the southern capital, has a population of 361300 as of December 2023. The average temperature in January is -2 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 28 ℃.

【 Head of State 】 Sadyr Japarov (НургожоевиチЖапаров) was sworn in on January 28, 2021.

[Important Festival] New Year: January 1st; Naurus Festival: March 21st; Constitution Day: May 5th; Army Day: May 29th; Independence Day: August 31st. The main religious festivals include Eid al Fitr, Eid al Adha, Easter, etc.

【 Overview 】 Located in the northeast of Central Asia, the border is approximately 4503 kilometers long. It borders Kazakhstan to the north and northeast, Tajikistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the southwest, and China to the southeast and east. There are many mountains in the area, with an average altitude of 2750 meters. 90% of the territory is above 1500 meters above sea level, belonging to a continental climate. The average temperature in January is -6 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 27 ℃.

There were written records in the 3rd century BC. The Kyrgyz Khanate was established between the 6th and 13th centuries. In the 16th century, he was forced to migrate from the upper reaches of the Yenisei River to his current residence. It was annexed by Tsarist Russia in 1876. The Soviet regime was established from November 1917 to June 1918. Karaghiz Autonomous Oblast was established on October 14, 1924. On December 5, 1936, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union. On August 31, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan officially declared independence and changed its name to the Kyrgyz Republic. On December 21 of the same year, it joined the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Politics is a secular state that separates politics and religion. Politically promote democratic reforms and implement a multi-party system. The first President Akayev (November 1990 March 2005) implemented democratic reforms politically and market-oriented reform policies economically during his tenure. In the spring of 2005, an abnormal regime change occurred in Kyrgyzstan, forcing Akayev to step down. Opposition leader and former Prime Minister Bakiyev was elected as the new president in July of the same year. On July 23, 2009, Bakiev was re elected successfully. In 2010, the "4.7" Revolution broke out, overthrowing the Bakiev regime and declaring the establishment of a provisional government with Otunbayeva as the Prime Minister. On June 27th, a national referendum passed a new constitution in Kyrgyzstan, and the country's political system was changed to a parliamentary system. Otunbayeva was appointed as the transitional president.

On October 30, 2011, Kyrgyzstan held presidential elections, and the Prime Minister of the Transitional Government, Almazbek Atambayev, was elected president with 62.52% of the vote in the first round of voting, serving a six-year term.

On October 15, 2017, Kyrgyzstan held a new presidential election with 11 candidates running. There were 3 million registered voters nationwide, with approximately 1.69 million participating in the vote. The candidate of the Social Democratic Party and former Prime Minister Solombai Zenbekov won the first round of voting with 54.77% of the vote and was elected as the new president for a six-year term.

On October 4, 2020, the 7th parliamentary election in Kyrgyzstan triggered a political crisis, and the opposition held large-scale protest rallies. On the 14th, opposition leader Zaparov was appointed as the Prime Minister. On the 15th, President Jeenbekov announced his resignation and Zaparov became the acting president.

On January 10, 2021, Kyrgyzstan held a presidential election with 17 candidates running. There were 3.56 million registered voters nationwide, with approximately 1.39 million participating in the vote. Zaparov won the first round of voting with 79.20% of the vote and was elected as the new president. On the same day, Jiju held a nationwide referendum, with 81.30% of the voters choosing to switch to a presidential system.

On May 5, 1993, the Parliament of Kyrgyzstan passed its first independent constitution, which stipulated that Kyrgyzstan is a sovereign, unitary democratic republic based on the rule of law and secular state, implementing the separation of legislative, judicial, and executive powers, with the President as the head of state. Subsequently, the constitution underwent several revisions. After the April 7th Revolution in 2010, Ji established a temporary government. In May, the interim government announced a draft constitution, and on June 27th, a national referendum was held to pass the new constitution. According to the new constitution, the political system in Kyrgyzstan is transitioning from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. On December 11, 2016, Kyrgyzstan held a constitutional referendum, transferring some of the presidential powers to the government. On November 17, 2020, the Malaysian parliament announced a draft constitutional amendment to expand the presidential powers. On January 10, 2021, Kyrgyzstan held a national referendum to switch to a presidential system, with over 80% of the population supporting the presidential system. In April, the national referendum on the new constitution of Kyrgyzstan was successfully passed. In May, President Zaparov signed a new constitution and changed the country's political system from a parliamentary system to a presidential system.

The Kyrgyz government officially designated the 12th Supreme Soviet of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, which existed from April 1990 to September 1994, as the beginning of the parliamentary system. In 1993, the 12th Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan passed its first constitution after independence, which stipulated that the parliament of Kyrgyzstan would implement a bicameral system, consisting of the Legislative Assembly and the People's Representative Assembly. In February 1995, the first national parliament was elected through the Ji election. According to the new constitution revised in 1998, the second National Assembly was elected in February 2000, consisting of the Legislative Assembly and the People's Representative Assembly. The Legislative Council is composed of 60 members elected through single constituency and proportional representation of political parties. The People's Congress is composed of 45 members and implements a regional representative system. In 2003, Kyrgyzstan amended its constitution and changed its parliament from a bicameral system to a unicameral system, reducing the number of members from 105 to 75. Abolish the proportional representation system of political parties, and all members of parliament will be elected through a single constituency electoral system. In February 2005, the third national parliament was elected through the Ji election. In December 2006, a national referendum passed a new constitution in Kyrgyzstan, which changed the country's political system back to a presidential parliamentary system. In December 2007, the fourth National Assembly was elected through the Ji election. The parliament was dissolved after the April 7th Revolution in 2010. In June 2010, Ji passed a new constitution and changed the country's political system to a parliamentary system, implementing a unicameral system consisting of 120 members with a term of five years. In October, Ji held the fifth national parliamentary election, with the Hometown Party, Social Democratic Party, Dignity Party, Republic Party, and Motherland Party entering the parliament. On October 4, 2015, Kyrgyzstan held its sixth national parliamentary election, with the Social Democratic Party, Republic Hometown Party, Kyrgyzstan Party, Progressive Party, Unity Party, and Fatherland Party entering the parliament. On October 7th, the Social Democratic Party, the Kyrgyzstan Party, the Progressive Party, and the Fatherland Party signed an agreement to form a ruling coalition, and Social Democratic Party member A. Jeenbekov was elected as the speaker. In April 2016, the ruling coalition of the parliament was dissolved, and Speaker A. Ryenbekov resigned. The Social Democratic Party, the Kyrgyzstan Party, and the United Party formed a ruling coalition, and Tursonbekov, the chairman of the Social Democratic Party parliamentary group, was elected as the speaker. In October 2017, Speaker Tursonbekov resigned and Kyrgyzstan Party member Zhumabekov was elected as Speaker. In April 2018, Ji reorganized the government and the second largest party in parliament, the former opposition Republic Hometown Party, joined the ruling coalition. The parliamentary ruling coalition is composed of four parties: the Social Democratic Party, the Republic Hometown Party, the Kyrgyzstan Party, and the United Party. In October 2020, the 7th National Assembly elections were held in Kyrgyzstan. Subsequently, the Central Election Commission deemed the election results invalid and decided to continue the work of the 6th National Assembly until a new one is elected. On October 7th, the Speaker of the Kyrgyz Parliament, Zhumabekov, resigned, and Republic Hometown Party Member Abderdayev and Kyrgyzstan Party Member Isaev briefly served as the Speaker. In November, Talant Turdumamatovich Mamytov, a member of the Republic Hometown Party, was elected as the Speaker of the Parliament. In November 2021, Ji held the seventh parliamentary election again. The new parliament is composed of 90 members with a term of 5 years. The single constituency system produces 36 seats, while the proportional representation system produces 54 seats. On October 5, 2022, Shakiev Nurlanbek Turgunbekovich was elected as the Speaker of the Parliament.

The government, also known as the Cabinet, is the highest administrative body of the country, directly led by the President. Cabinet Chairman Akylbek Japarov (АкылбекУсенбековиチЖа паров) assumed office on October 13, 2021.

[Administrative divisions] The country is divided into 7 states and 2 cities: the capital city of Bishkek, Osh, Chuhe, Taras, Issyk Kul, Osh, Jalalabad, Naren, and Batken.

According to data released by the Kyrgyzstan National Statistical Committee, the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to reach approximately 13.741 billion US dollars in 2023, representing a year-on-year growth of 6.2%.

Natural resources mainly include gold, antimony, tungsten, tin, mercury, uranium, and rare metals. Among them, antimony production ranks third in the world and first in the CIS, tin production and mercury production rank second in the CIS, and hydropower resources rank third among CIS countries.