Luxembourg Passport

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, also known as Le Grand Duch é de Luxembourg.

[Area] 2586.3 square kilometers.

The population is 672000, with Luxembourgish accounting for 52.7% and foreigners accounting for 47.3% (mainly Portuguese, French, Italian, Belgian, German, British, and Dutch expatriates). The official languages are French, German, and Luxembourgish. French is commonly used in administration, judiciary, and diplomacy; German is commonly used for newspapers and news articles; Luxembourgish is a colloquial language used in local administration and judiciary. 97% of residents believe in Catholicism.

Luxembourg City, the capital, covers an area of 51.2 square kilometers and has a population of 135000.

Grand Duke Henri ascended to the throne on October 7, 2000.

National Day: June 23rd.

Luxembourg is located in the northwest of Europe, bordering Germany to the east, France to the south, and Belgium to the west and north. It belongs to the transitional climate of ocean continent, with an average temperature of 0.8 ℃ in January, 17.5 ℃ in July, an annual average temperature of 9 ℃, and an average annual precipitation of 782.2 millimeters.

Before the Common Era, Luxembourg was the residence of the Gauls. After 400 AD, the Germanic people invaded and became part of both the Frankish Kingdom and the Charlemagne Empire. From 963 to 1354 AD, it was successively an autonomous territory of the Count of Ardennes, Count of Luxembourg, and Duke of Luxembourg in the Holy Roman Empire. From the 15th to the 18th century, it was ruled by Spain, France, and Austria. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided to elevate the Duchy of Luxembourg to a Grand Duchy, with the Dutch King serving as Grand Duke and also a member of the German Confederation. The London Agreement of 1839 recognized Lu as an independent country. Became a neutral country in 1867. The constitutional monarchy was implemented in 1868. In 1890, King William III of the Netherlands passed away. Due to the lack of male heirs, Duke Adolph of the House of Lunau became Grand Duke of Lunau, completely breaking away from his affiliation with the Netherlands. Both World Wars were invaded by Germany. In 1945, it became a founding member of the United Nations. In 1948, it abandoned its neutrality policy and joined NATO in 1949. In the 1950s, it participated in the creation of the European Community (later the European Union) and formed economic alliances with the Netherlands and Belgium. On March 26, 1995, it became one of the first Schengen area countries, and on January 1, 1999, it became one of the first Eurozone countries.

Implement a constitutional monarchy in politics. The political situation in Luxembourg has remained stable for a long time, with the government promoting economic and social system reforms and diversification strategies, focusing on safeguarding people's livelihoods, achieving sustainable economic development, and active diplomacy.

The Constitution was promulgated on October 17, 1868 and has been amended multiple times since then. The Constitution stipulates that the Grand Duke is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with legislative and executive powers, and the power to dissolve parliament. In fact, the parliament exercises legislative power, while the government exercises executive power and is accountable to the parliament.

The unicameral system is the highest legislative body. There are 60 members of parliament with a term of 5 years. On October 8, 2023, Luxembourg held parliamentary elections, in which the Christian Social People's Party won 21 seats, the Democratic Party won 14 seats, the Social Workers' Party won 11 seats, the Green Party won 4 seats, and other small and medium-sized parties won a total of 10 seats. Claude Weisler, a member of the Christian Social Party, serves as the speaker.

The current government will be formed on November 16, 2023, jointly governed by the Christian Social People's Party and the Democratic Party, with a total of 15 cabinet members. The Prime Minister is Luc Frieden, a member of the Christian Social Party, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, and the Minister for Cooperation and Humanitarian Action is Gezavier Vettel, a member of the Democratic Party.

The country is divided into 3 major regions, 12 provinces, and 102 municipalities.

Judicial independence. The Public Security Court is the most basic judicial institution responsible for hearing minor civil, commercial, and public security incidents. The district court is a second level judicial institution responsible for hearing civil, commercial, and criminal cases, and accepting appeals against the decisions of the public security court and the first instance court within its jurisdiction. The High Court is the highest judicial institution, consisting of one Supreme Court and one Court of Appeal. In addition, an administrative court shall be established, mainly responsible for adjudicating the actions of administrative agencies; Establish a Constitutional Court responsible for reviewing whether a certain law complies with the Constitution; Establish a procuratorate responsible for investigating and prosecuting illegal and criminal activities, and supervising the execution of rulings.

[Political Party]

(1) The Christian Social People's Party (Parti Populaire Chr é tien Social), CSV）： The Christian Social Party, also known as the 'Christian Social Party', was established in 1914. Originally known as the 'Rightist Party', it was renamed to its current name in 1944. The chairman is Luc Frieden.

(2) The Democratic Party (Parti D é mocratique), DP）： Established in 1904. Its predecessor was the Liberal Party, which was rebuilt in 1945 and called the Democratic Patriotic Group. It changed its name to its current form in 1955. Chairman Lex DELLES.

(3) The Social Workers' Party (Parti Ouvrier Socialiste Luxembourgeois, LSAP), also known as the "Social Workers' Party", was established in 1902. Originally known as the Luxembourg Social Democratic Party, it was renamed to its current name in 1945. Two chairpersons, Francine Closener (female) and Dan Biancalana.

(4) Green Party (Parti Vert, D é i Gr é ng): Established in 1983. It split in 1986 and merged again in December 1994. Two chairpersons, Djuna Bernard (female) and Meris Sehovic.

(5) The Democratic Alternative Reform Party (Parti r é formalste d'alternative d é mocratique), ADR）： Established in 1989. Formerly known as the Democratic and Reasonable Pension Action Committee, it was renamed to its current name in April 2006. Chairman Fred Keup.

(6) The Left Party (La Gauche/D é i L é nk) was founded in 1999 by members from various parties including the Luxembourg Communist Party, the New Left, and the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The National Coordination Committee is the highest leadership body, and its members take turns serving as the Party Chairman and Secretary.

(7) Pirate Party of Luxembourg: Established in 2009. Two chairpersons and spokespersons, Starsky FLOR and Rebecca Liu.

Grand Duke Henry: Head of State, born on April 16, 1955. In 1975, he studied at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the UK and obtained a diploma as an officer. In 1978, he obtained a Bachelor's degree in Political Science from the University of Geneva in Switzerland. Has received multiple honorary doctoral degrees. In 1989, he became a colonel in the Lu army and was awarded the honorary rank of Major in the British Parachute Regiment. Member of the State Council from 1980 to 1998. I have been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 1998. He officially ascended to the throne on October 7th, 2000.

Regent's representative of Guillaume: the eldest son of Grand Duke Henry, born in November 1981, with a Bachelor's degree in Political Science. In December 2000, Prince Guillaume officially became the Grand Prince. On October 8, 2024, Grand Prince Guillaume was sworn in as regent representative. Grand Duke Henry remains the head of state of Lu, and the regent representative of Guillaume can perform important duties on behalf of the Grand Duke in all fields.

Luc Frieden: Prime Minister, born in September 1963, with a Master's degree in Law. Joined the Christian Social People's Party in 1993 and served as a member of the Luxembourg National Assembly, chairman of the Parliamentary Finance and Budget Committee, and chairman of the Institutional and Constitutional Amendment Committee from 1994 to 1998. From 1998 to 2013, he served as Minister of Justice, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Finance in the Juncker government. Started business in 2013 and served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Luxembourg International Bank for a long time. Appointed as Prime Minister in November 2023.

Developed capitalist countries have small countries and wealthy people. The per capita GDP has ranked among the top three in the world for consecutive years. The market is narrow and the economy is highly dependent on external factors. The steel industry, finance industry, and satellite communication industry are the pillar industries of Luxembourg's economy. In 2022, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Lu was 81.6 billion US dollars, with a per capita GDP of 125000 US dollars and a GDP growth rate of 1.4%. In 2023, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Lu will be 85.8 billion US dollars, with a per capita GDP of 128000 US dollars and a GDP growth rate of -1.1%.

【 Resources 】 Resources are scarce, and energy mainly relies on imports. Advocate for the development of clean energy, with Europe leading in the use of clean energy, and oppose the development of nuclear energy.

After the oil crisis in the 1970s, the proportion of industry decreased year by year. In 2023, the industrial output value will account for approximately 5.5% of the gross domestic product. Mainly focused on steel, the chemical, machinery manufacturing, rubber, and food industries are also relatively developed.

The proportion of agriculture in the gross domestic product continues to decline. In 2023, the agricultural output value will account for approximately 0.3% of the gross domestic product. Agricultural land is mainly located in the northern and eastern parts of Lu, and is mostly operated by large farms with over 50 hectares of land. Animal husbandry accounts for over 50% of agricultural production, as well as grape cultivation, forestry, hunting, fishing, and other industries.

There are numerous historical sites and rich cultural heritage in the tourism industry. Tourists mainly come from neighboring European countries such as Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Approximately one million tourists will be received in 2023.

As of 2023, the total length of national highways is 3017 kilometers and railways is 630 kilometers. In 2023, the air passenger volume will be 4.79 million and the cargo volume will be 1.088 million tons.

The financial industry is well-developed, accounting for about one-third of the gross domestic product. By the end of 2023, over 120 banks from more than 20 countries have registered in Lu. It is the second largest fund management center in the world and the largest in Europe, managing over 5 trillion euros in funds.

[Famous Company] (1) Arcelor Mittal Group: the largest enterprise in Lu and a major steel group in the world. Headquartered in Luxembourg City. In 2001, the Lu Albert Steel Company (founded in 1882) merged with the French Northern Steel Union and the Spanish Aselaria Steel Company to form the Arcelor Group. In July 2006, ArcelorMittal merged with the world's major steel company, Mittal, to form the ArcelorMittal Group.

(2) SES Global: Established in 1985, headquartered in Luxembourg. It is a leading global satellite operator that provides customers with television, radio, and multimedia direct to home information transmission services through the operation of ASTRA, AMERICOM, and NEW SKIES satellite systems. Currently, it has over 70 satellites.

(3) Cargolux Airlines International, founded in 1970, is the largest all cargo airline in Europe. We have modern Boeing 747-8F and Boeing 747-400F freighters and operate over 90 international freight routes covering more than 70 countries and regions. In January 2014, Henan Aviation Investment Group (later renamed as Zhongyu Aviation Group) acquired a 35% stake in Luhuo Airlines.

(4) Luxembourg Radio and Television Company (RTL): the largest audiovisual media group in Europe jointly established by Luxembourg and Germany, with 56 television stations and 36 radio stations, producing 12000 hours of programs annually in nearly 30 countries worldwide.

Development aid is an important component of Lu's foreign policy, allocating 1% of national income annually to foreign aid, which is higher than the level set by the European Union. The total amount of foreign aid in 2022 is 530 million euros, with a focus on African countries.

The per capita income level ranks among the top in the world, and the average life expectancy is 83.4 years. Luxembourg City is one of the safest and highest standard of living cities in the world.

The Grand Duke is the supreme commander of the armed forces and is actually directly commanded by the Minister of National Defense. There are a total of 1128 personnel in the Air Force and Army, with 12% being women.

Luxembourg is a member of NATO and adheres to a collective security policy that relies on NATO. NATO has no troops stationed in Lu and has one early warning aircraft base in Germany, of which 17 AWACS E-3 early warning aircraft are registered as Lu nationals. Lu has signed a joint defense agreement with the United States and an agreement with Germany to jointly defend their border territories.

Education: Lu implements 11 years of compulsory education, including 2 years of preschool education, 6 years of primary education, and 3 years of junior high school education. The University of Luxembourg was established in 2003 and is currently the only public university in Luxembourg.

Emphasize scientific research work. In addition to the University of Luxembourg, there are over 10 public research centers and numerous private research centers (Goodyear, Husky, IEE, etc.).

The main physical daily newspapers are "Luxembourg Speeches", "Daily (German)", "Daily (French)", and "Essentials", with German and French as the main languages. Television and radio stations use German, Dutch, English, and Lu languages for broadcasting.

Luxembourg advocates the following principles in international relations: equality, non use of force or threat of force, opposition to arms race, compliance with international law, respect for human rights, and respect for the interests of small countries. Lu's foreign policy focuses on Europe, forming economic alliances with Belgium and the Netherlands, and being a member of the European Union and NATO. Advocate the establishment of a European collective security system within the framework of NATO, the European Union, and the OSCE, and actively promote the process of European integration. Develop and expand economic and trade cooperation with countries in the Asia Pacific region.