Mali Passport

The Republic of Mali (La R é publique du Mali)

【 Area 】 1.24 million square kilometers

Population: 23.67 million (2023). There are 23 ethnic groups in the country, mainly including Banbala (34% of the national population), Pall (11%), Senufu (9%) and Salakale (8%). Each ethnic group has its own language. The official languages are thirteen ethnic languages, including Bambara, and French is the working language. 80% of residents believe in Islam, 18% believe in traditional fetishism, and 2% believe in Catholicism and Protestantism.

【 Capital 】 Bamako, with a population of 2.92 million (2022); The temperature is highest in April, with an average of 34-39 ° C, and lowest in January, with an average of 16-33 ° C.

Assimi GO Ï TA, the head of state, was sworn in as the interim president on June 7, 2021.

Independence Day: September 22nd.

【 Overview 】 Located on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert in West Africa, it borders Mauritania and Senegal to the west, Algeria and Niger to the north and east, and Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso to the south. It is a landlocked country. The northern region has a tropical desert climate, characterized by drought and heat. The central and southern regions have a tropical grassland climate. The whole year is divided into two seasons: June to October is the rainy season, and November to May of the following year is the dry season. The highest temperature during the dry season reaches 50 ℃, and the lowest temperature during the rainy season is 14 ℃.

In history, it was the central region of the Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Sanghai Empire. In 1895, it became a French colony. In May 1958, it became an "autonomous republic" within the French Community. In April 1959, it formed the Mali Federation with Senegal. On September 22, 1960, Modibo Keita became independent and was elected as the first president. In November 1968, Musa Traore staged a coup and came to power. In March 1991, Amadou Tumani Tour é staged a coup and established a military transitional regime. In January 1992, a new constitution was passed through a referendum. In April, national elections were held, and Alpha Oumar Konar é, the candidate of the African Unity and Justice Party, was elected president. In June, he was sworn in and established the Third Republic. In May 1997, Konar é was re elected as president. In May 2002, former military regime leader Durr was elected as an independent candidate for president and was re elected in April 2007. During President Doul's tenure, the overall political situation in Mali remained stable.

Politics

In 2012, some military personnel in the capital of Malaysia staged a coup to overthrow the Du'er government. The separatist armed forces of the Tuareg ethnic group in northern Malaysia launched a rebellion and established the "Independent State of Azawad". Terrorist and extremist forces such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb also took the opportunity to expand their influence in northern Malaysia, controlling the three major regions of the country. In January 2013, rebel forces from northern Mali launched an attack on areas controlled by the Malian government army. At the request of the Ma government, France and some African countries sent troops to assist the Ma government army in suppressing the rebellion. In June, the transitional government of Mali reached a preliminary agreement with the northern Tuareg armed group on holding presidential elections and inclusive dialogue. In August, the presidential election in Mali was successfully held, and the candidate of the Malian Union Party, Keita, was elected as the president and officially inaugurated in September. In August 2018, Keita won the election again and was re elected as president. In August 2020, there was a military mutiny in Ma, and President Keita resigned. In September, after consultation among relevant parties, a political transition arrangement was reached, with former Defense Minister Ba Ndo serving as the transitional president and Asimi Goita as the transitional vice president. In May 2021, there was another change in the Malaysian government. Transitional President Ndo resigned, and Vice President Goita took over as interim president and appointed Choguel Kokalla MAIGA as prime minister.

In July 2014, the Malian government and the northern Tuareg armed group initiated peace talks in Algiers. With the joint efforts of international mediators, the "Peace and Reconciliation Agreement" was officially signed in June 2015. In September 2017, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 2374, establishing a sanctions mechanism for Mali to impose travel bans, asset freezes, and other sanctions on individuals and entities who violate the Peace and Reconciliation Agreement and disrupt the peace process in Mali. But the security situation in the north remains severe. Terrorist organizations are becoming increasingly frequent, causing multiple attacks. Since 2019, there have been multiple tribal conflicts and attacks on military camps in the Mopti region in central Malaysia and the Menaka region in the northeast, resulting in the deaths of multiple civilians and soldiers. In January 2024, Mali announced the abolition of the Peace and Reconciliation Agreement.

On December 20, 2012, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 2085, authorizing the dispatch of the African led International Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA) for a period of one year. On April 25, 2013, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 2100 on the issue of Mali, authorizing the establishment of the United Nations Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali ("UN Mali") with a total force of approximately 12600 personnel. Some personnel from "non Malian" groups will be incorporated into "UN Mali". On July 1st, the United Nations officially launched the Malawi operation. In June 2023, at the request of the Malian side, the United Nations passed a resolution deciding to withdraw the United Nations Mission in Mali within the year. In December 2023, the United Malaysians completed their withdrawal.

On October 23, 2014, the first case of Ebola appeared in Malaysia, and a total of 7 people were diagnosed, including 5 deaths and 2 recoveries. In January 2015, the Minister of Health of Malaysia and the representative of the World Health Organization in Malaysia announced the end of the Ebola epidemic. At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 epidemic broke out in Mali. In March 2021, Ma launched the COVID-19 vaccination plan. At present, the COVID-19 in Mali has been under control.

The current constitution was passed by a national referendum in June 2023. The Constitution stipulates that the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers shall be implemented; The president is elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of 5 years and can be re elected once; The President is the head of state and has important administrative powers such as appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and ministers, issuing decrees, organizing referendums, dissolving the National Assembly, and declaring a state of emergency; Parliament enjoys legislative and supervisory powers; The government is the highest executive body directly under the presidency, composed of the Prime Minister and ministers; Judicial independence; Separation of church and state; Citizens have the rights to freedom of thought, religion, belief, speech, association, labor, rest, personal property from infringement, free operation, and social assistance.

The new constitution stipulates that the Malian parliament adopts a bicameral system, namely the Senate and the National Assembly. Three quarters of the senators are elected through indirect universal suffrage, representing various regions; One quarter of the senators are composed of "representatives of traditional legitimacy, Malians who have settled abroad, and individuals who have made contributions to the country"; Members of the National Assembly are elected by direct universal suffrage, and the term of office for members of both houses is 5 years.

The current government was established in July 2023, with Prime Minister Choguel Kokalla MAIGA. The other cabinet members are: Sadio CAMARA, Minister of Defense and Veterans; Mohamadou KASSOGUE, Minister of Justice, Human Rights and the Seal; Abdoulaye MAIGA, Minister of Land Management and Decentralization; Daoud Aly MOHAMMEDINE, Minister of Security and Citizen Protection; Isma ë l WAGUE, Minister of Reconciliation, Peace and National Integration; Ibrahim Ikasa MAIGA, Minister of National Reconstruction; and DEMBELE Madina, Minister of Transport and Infrastructure. SISSOKO, female, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Abdoulaye DIOP, Minister of Economy and Finance Alouss É ni SANOU, Minister of Urbanization, Housing, Industry, Land Planning and Population, Imilane Abdoulaye TOURE, Minister of Industry and Trade, Moussa Alassanc DIALLO, Minister of Information, Digital Economy and Modernization of Administration, Alhamdou AG ILYENE, Minister of National Education, Amadou SY SAVANE, Minister of Higher Education and Research, Bour é maKANSAYE, Minister of Health and Social Development, Assa Badiallo TOURE, Minister of Agriculture, Rasine Lassine DEMBELE, Overseas Chinese and African Integration Minister Mossa AG Attaher Fassoun Coulibaly, Minister of Labor, Public Service, and Social Dialogue; Bagayoko Animata TRAORE, Minister of National Entrepreneurship, Employment, and Vocational Training; Mamadou SAMAKE, Minister of Environment, Cleanliness, and Sustainable Development; Mariam MAIGA, Minister of Women, Children, and Family Promotion; Amadou KEITA, Minister of Mining; Abdoul Kassim Ibrahim Fomba, Minister of Youth and Sports; and Andogoli Jindo, Minister of Handicrafts, Culture, Hotels, and Tourism. Andogoly Guido, Minister of Religious Affairs and Beliefs Mamadou KONE, Minister of Livestock and Fisheries Youba BA Fatoumata S é kou DICKO, Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister, and Oumarou Diarra, Assistant Minister for Health and Social Development.

The country is divided into 19 major regions and 1 central administrative region (capital Bamako).

The judicial system is composed of the Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, Administrative Court, Appeals Court, Serious Crimes Court, First Instance Court, Audit Court, and other institutions. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal, consisting of the Judicial Yuan and the Administrative and Financial Yuan. The first instance court is the first instance court, and there are also Bamako Regional Court, Commercial Court, Security Court, and Labor Court at the same level. Fatoma Th é ra, the President of the Supreme Court, took office in June 2022.

The multi-party system was implemented in March 1991, and the National Conference held in July of the same year formulated and passed the Political Parties Law. In August 2005, the National Assembly amended the Political Parties Law and made new regulations on the formation and operation of political parties. The main political parties currently are:

(1) The Mali Alliance Party (Le Rassememberment pour le Mali) was founded in June 2001 by some former members of the African Unity and Justice Party. The purpose is to implement social democracy under a multi-party republic system, achieve national unity, encourage the widest participation of all citizens in political consultation and state management, respect each other, promote common development, and establish a free, just, united, and democratic society. Advocating the implementation of a market economy, the state regulates the private economy, and emphasizes that social development should be people-oriented. The party has a wide range of members from all walks of life. Party branches have been established both domestically and overseas. There are branch party departments (at the municipal and town levels) under the domestic party headquarters, and at least one grassroots committee has been established in every village across the country. The coverage rate of party organizations in the country exceeds 90%. The leading body of the Party is the National Political Bureau, with a total of 53 members. The party chairman is Bocari Treta. General Secretary Baber Gano.

(2) Alliance pour la D é mocratie au Mali Parti Africain pour la Solidarit é et la Justice: formerly known as the Malian Democratic Union, established in May 1991. The aim is to establish a democratic, prosperous, and independent New Malaysia, as well as a society based on the rule of law, freedom, justice, and progress. It aims to consolidate and expand democracy, promote economic, social, and cultural development, and distribute income reasonably. The motto of the party is' freedom, labor, and unity '. The organizational structure includes grassroots committees, branch offices, branches, and federations. Establish mass organizations such as women's and youth organizations. In 1992, the party won an absolute majority of seats in the parliamentary elections and became the ruling party. In 2001, the former party chairman Ibrahim Boubacar Ke ï ta resigned from the party, causing significant division and weakening of its power. In 2002, the party lost its absolute majority in parliamentary elections. In 2003, the party experienced another split, with former third vice chairman Souma ï la Ciss é and his followers quitting the party. In 2007, the party joined forces with 42 other political parties to form the "Democratic Progressive Alliance" and supported President Durr's re-election. In the 2018 presidential election, the party supported incumbent President Keita's re-election. Party Chairman Ti é moko Sangar é and General Secretary Marimantia Diarra.

(3) Union Malian pour la R é publique et la D é mocratie: officially established in June 2003. It was founded by former Third Vice Chairman of the African Unity and Justice Party, Sumaila Cisse, and his followers after leaving the party. Its initial purpose was to support Cisse's candidacy for the 2002 presidential election. The leadership of the party mostly comes from the Mali Textile Development Company and belongs to the "cotton faction" of the former African Unity and Justice Party. Advocate for the establishment of a free, equal, just, and united society, safeguarding people's freedom and democratic rights, and achieving comprehensive development and prosperity of the country. In 2007, the party formed an alliance with the African Unity and Justice Party to support President Tour é's re-election and won 34 seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the second largest party in parliament. In December 2010, the Democratic and Renaissance Party (PDR) merged into the Republican Democratic Alliance. The party's candidate, Sisi, entered the second round of the 2013 and 2018 presidential elections, but lost to Keita in both rounds. Party Chairman Souma ï la Ciss é and General Secretary Daouda Tour é.

Other political parties include Mouvement pour le Mali, Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau, Le Congr è s National d'Initiative D é mocratique, Parti pour la Renaissance Nationale, Solidarit é Africaine de la D é mocratie et l'Ind é pendance, Union Soudanaise Rassememberment D é mocratique Africain, and Parti D é mocratique Africain. Malien, Convention pour la Renaissance, and others.

[Important Person] Transitional President Asimi Goita, born in 1983. Formerly served as the Commander in Chief of the Independent Battalion of the Special Forces of the Central Military Region in Malaysia. Appointed as the Transitional Vice President of Malaysia in September 2020 and as the Transitional President in June 2021.

Economy is the least developed country. The economy is mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry, and food cannot be self-sufficient. It is a major cotton and gold producing country in Africa. In recent years, the Malian government has focused on developing agriculture, strengthening infrastructure such as water conservancy and roads, and accelerating oil exploration and mineral development. In order to increase tax revenue and expand employment, the government actively attracts investment and builds a number of emerging enterprises such as cement, automobile assembly, food processing, sugar production, etc. It also vigorously promotes the development of mineral and oil and gas resources. At present, the Malaysian national economy is gradually recovering, but it has not yet reached the pre crisis level. In the World Bank's 2020 Doing Business Report, Mali ranked 148th out of 190 economies worldwide in terms of ease of doing business index. The main economic data for 2023 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 20.9 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 882.9 US dollars.

Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate: 5.2%.

Currency name: Franc de la Communaut é financi è re d'Afrique, abbreviated as FCFA.

Exchange rate: 1 euro ≈ 656 African francs.

Inflation rate: 2.1%.

(Source: London Economic Quarterly Review, August 2024)

Mining is the backbone of the Malaysian economy, accounting for 25% of the national income. The main mineral resources and reserves that have been discovered are: 900 tons of gold, 1.36 billion tons of iron ore, 1.2 billion tons of bauxite, 65 million tons of diatomaceous earth, 53 million tons of rock salt, 11.8 million tons of phosphate, 15 million tons of manganese, and 5200 tons of uranium. It is the fourth largest gold exporting country in Africa and the largest export product of Mali, with a gold production of approximately 72.2 tons in 2022. The Malian government's gold industry revenue in 2022 was 763.7 billion CFA francs (approximately 1.3 billion US dollars), a significant increase of 35% year-on-year. In August 2022, the Malian government approved the establishment of the Mali Mineral Resources Exploration and Development Company. The forest area is 1.1 million hectares, with a coverage rate of less than 1%. Abundant hydraulic resources. Currently, there are 3 hydropower stations, 12 thermal power stations, and 1 solar power station.

Industry is weak. In 2023, the annual output value of the horse industry will account for 16.3% of the gross domestic product. There are a total of 489 industrial enterprises in Malaysia, the vast majority of which are private enterprises. The main sectors include food processing, publishing and printing, textiles, and building materials. 57% of enterprises are located in the capital Bamako, 17% in S é gu, 86% of enterprises with less than 50 employees, and only 3.6% of enterprises with more than 200 employees.

In 2023, the agricultural output value will account for 32.3% of the gross domestic product. The rural population accounts for 68% of the total population. The population engaged in agricultural production accounts for 40% of the national population. The total arable land area in China is 30 million hectares, with 3.5 million hectares already cultivated. The main economic crops include: millet, corn, rice, peanuts, cotton, etc. Malaysia is a major cotton producing country in Africa, with an annual contribution of 850 billion to 123 billion African francs to the national economy, accounting for 8% of the gross domestic product. The cotton industry employs approximately 4.5 million people. In the 2023-2024 season, Mali's cotton production increased by 77%, once again becoming the largest cotton producing country in Africa. The grain production in 2020-2021 was 10.4 million tons, including 3.19 million tons of rice and 3.8 million tons of corn.

Livestock products are the third largest export product of horses after gold and cotton. The fishing industry is an important sector of the Malaysian national economy. There are about 70000 fishermen and 500000 fishery workers in Malaysia. In 2017, the national fishery production was 128000 tons.

The service industry is mainly composed of departments such as transportation, communication, commerce, and administration.

The tourism industry is rich in tourism resources, but transportation is inconvenient. The ancient city of Jene, the ancient city of Tongbutu, the ruins of Dogong and the Mausoleum of the King of Jia'askiya are included in the UNESCO The World Heritage List. The main tourist cities include the capital Bamako, the ancient city of Tumbutu, and the water city Mopti. The best tourist season is from November to January of the following year. In recent years, the tourism industry in Malaysia has seriously declined due to the impact of the northern security situation. The ancient city of Tumbutu was destroyed by Islamic extremists, and 14 of the 16 tombs listed in the World Cultural Heritage were destroyed. In June 2012, it was listed in the "Endangered The World Heritage List List" by UNESCO. In March 2014, UNESCO began repairing the destroyed tomb.

Transportation is an inland country, and domestic transportation mainly relies on highways. Import and export materials need to be transported through neighboring ports. Two international highways lead from Bamako to Conakry and Abidjan, with a total length of 1110 kilometers and 1115 kilometers respectively.

Railway: There is only one international narrow gauge railway connecting Koulikoro, Bamako, and Dakar, with a total length of 1287 kilometers and 641 kilometers within Mali; Mainly for freight transportation, operating at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour.

Highway: with a total length of 89000 kilometers, including 3997 kilometers of asphalt pavement; There are about 120000 types of motor vehicles, mainly motorcycles and small trucks.

Water transportation: The total length of inland waterway routes is 12700 kilometers; Mali Shipping Company is responsible for the operation and management of inland waterway transportation, with dozens of various vessels.

Air Transport: In February 2005, the Malian government and the Aga Khan Foundation of Canada jointly established Malian Airlines to operate domestic routes. At present, international routes are mainly operated by Air France and Belgian Airlines. There are 5 cities with international airports, and Bamacosenu International Airport can take off and land various large passenger and cargo planes. In 2006, it transported 533600 passengers. The airport was renamed Modibo Keita International Airport on December 31, 2015. Affected by the crisis in northern Malaysia and the "3.22" coup, Malaysia Airlines began to lay off employees, reduce the number of aircraft, and cancel some routes from June 11, 2012. In December, Malaysia Airlines announced the suspension of operations and dismissed its core employees. In July 2020, Malaysia Airlines was granted permission to operate commercial air freight services, with plans to implement domestic and international route operations in stages based at Bamako International Airport.

In recent years, the national fiscal budget revenue and expenditure situation is as follows (unit: billions of CFA francs):