Mauritius Passport

【 Country Name 】 The Republic of Mauritius.

[Area] 2040 square kilometers (including an island area of 175 square kilometers).

Population: 1.26 million (by the end of 2023). The residents are mainly composed of Indians and Pakistanis (69%), Creoles (mixed European and African, 27%), Chinese (2.3%), and Europeans (1.7%). The official language is English, and French is also widely used. Creole is the most commonly used language among the locals. 52% of the residents believe in Hinduism, 30% believe in Christianity, 17% believe in Islam, and a small number of people believe in Buddhism.

The capital is Port Louis, with a population of approximately 120000. The average temperature during the hot season is 27 ℃, with the highest temperature in January reaching 23-30 ℃. The average temperature during the cool season is 18 ℃, and the lowest temperature is between 17-24 ℃ from June to August.

[Head of State] President Prithvirajising Roopun took office in December 2019.

Independence Day (or Republic Day): March 12th

【 Overview 】 Located east of the African continent and southwest of the Indian Ocean. Including the main island, Rodrigues Island, Saint Brandon Islands, Agalega Islands, Chagos Islands, and Tromland Island (now under French jurisdiction). It is about 800 kilometers west of Madagascar, 1800 kilometers away from Mombasa Port in Kenya, 160 kilometers south of Reunion Island, and 4827 kilometers east of Australia. The coastline is 250 kilometers long. It belongs to subtropical maritime climate, warm and humid all year round. The average annual temperature in coastal areas is 25 ℃, while in the central plateau it is 20 ℃. Originally a deserted island, in the early 16th century, a Portuguese exploration team occupied the present-day islands of Mauritius and Reunion Island and named them the Mascarene Islands. In 1598, the Dutch occupied the island and named it after the Dutch monarch 'Mauritius'. In 1715, France occupied Mao Island and renamed it "Î le de France". In 1814, it became a British colony and was renamed "Mauritius". Autonomy was implemented in September 1961. On March 12, 1968, independence was declared and a constitutional monarchy was implemented, with the Queen of England as the head of state and the Governor General exercising power on her behalf. On March 12, 1992, it switched to a republican system. Implement a parliamentary system. The President is the head of state and holds a ceremonial position, while the Prime Minister holds executive power.

Since Mao Zedong's independence, successive governments have adhered to maintaining ethnic unity and harmony, implementing cultural diversity policies, and maintaining long-term political stability. Since Mao Zedong's independence, a multi-party system has been implemented, with major political parties such as the Socialist Combat Party, the Labour Party, and the Combat Party taking turns or forming alliances in power. In November 2019, the Mauritius Alliance, composed of the Social Warfare Party, the Liberal Movement Party, and others, won the National Assembly elections, and Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth was re elected. In December, Prithvirajising Roopun became president, and Marie Cyril Eddy Boiss é zon became vice president.

The Constitution was promulgated in 1968 and revised twice in 1991 and 1996. The Prime Minister serves as the leader of the majority party in parliament, exercises national administrative power, has the power to form and reorganize the government, dissolve parliament, and hold early elections. Implement a multi-party system and a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

The Parliament was originally the Legislative Assembly. After the constitutional amendment in December 1991, it was renamed the National Assembly and implemented a unicameral system, becoming the highest legislative body in the country. Responsible for formulating laws, discussing national policies, approving various government laws and financial budgets. Composed of 70 members of parliament, with a term of 5 years. Among them, 62 people were elected, and the remaining 8 were appointed by the President from among the candidates based on the recommendations of the election committee. The current parliament is the 13th parliament, established in November 2019, with a total of 70 members, of which the Mauritius Alliance holds 42 seats; 26 seats for the opposition party; Rodrigues Island Local Council political party Rodrigues People's Organization holds 2 seats. The Speaker is a non member elected at the first session of the new parliament, with a term of 5 years, responsible for convening and presiding over parliamentary meetings. He/she does not have voting rights, but has decision-making power in case of a deadlock in parliamentary voting. Current Speaker Adrien Duval will take office in July 2024.

The current government was established on November 12, 2019, and currently has 23 members: the Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Interior, and External Transport, and the Minister of Rodrigues Island, Outer Islands, and Territorial Integrity, Pravind Kumar Jugnauth; Louis Steven Obeegadoo, First Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Housing and Land Use Planning, and Minister of Tourism; Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Education, Higher Education and Technology, Leela Devi Dookun Luchoomun (female); Mohammad Anwar Husnoo, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Local Government and Disaster Emergency Management; Maneesh Gobin, Attorney General and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Regional Integration and International Trade; Minister of Road Transport and Light Rail, Alan Ganoo; Renganaden Padayachy, Minister of Finance and Economic Planning and Development; Georges Pierre Lesjongard, Minister of Energy and Public Utilities; Fazila Jeewa Dareeawoo, Minister of Social Integration, Social Security and National Solidarity, female; Naveena Ramyad, Minister of Industrial Development, Small and Medium Enterprises, and Cooperatives; Minister of Environment, Solid Waste Management and Climate Change Kavydass Ramano; Minister of Financial Services and Good Governance, Soomilduth Bholah; Jean Christophe Stephan Toussaint, Minister of Youth Empowerment, Sports and Leisure; Mahendranuth Sharma Hurreeram, Minister of National Infrastructure and Community Development; Darsanand Balgobin, Minister of Technology, Communications and Innovation; Minister of Labor, Human Resources Development and Training Soodesh Satkam Callichurn; Health and Health Minister Kailesh Kumar Singh Jagutpal; Sudheer Maudhoo, Minister of Blue Economy, Marine Resources, Fisheries and Shipping; Minister of Gender Equality and Family Welfare Kalpana Devi Koonjoo Shah (female); Avinash Teeluck, Minister of Arts and Cultural Heritage; Mahen Kumar Seeruttun, Minister of Agriculture and Food Security; Marie Christiane Dorine Chukowry, Minister of Commerce and Consumer Protection; Anjiv Ramdhany, Minister of Public Services, Administration and Institutional Reform.

The country is divided into 4 major regions and 5 municipalities directly under the central government, with 126 villages under each region.

Judicial institutions: Mao's judiciary is independent. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial institution in the country. The Supreme Court is composed of Chief Justice, Senior Puisne Judge, and Associate Justices. The Grand Justices are appointed by the President and the Prime Minister after consultation; The second Chief Justice is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice; The accompanying judge is appointed by the President after consultation with the Judicial and Legal Committee. Having worked in the legal field for more than 5 years is eligible for appointment as a Supreme Court judge. The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Bibi Rehana Mungly Gulbul, female.

The Supreme Court has criminal courts, intermediate courts, local courts, labor relations courts, permanent arbitration courts, etc. The Civil Appeals Court and the Criminal Appeals Court are two branches of the Supreme Court, and their judges are appointed by the Supreme Court's duty judges.

The main political parties are:

(1) The Military Socialist Movement/Mouvement Socialist Military (MSM), also known as the "Socialist War Party". Established in March 1983, it was formed by the merger of members who split from the former Combat Party and some members of the former Socialist Party. Previously co governed with the Labour Party, Social Democratic Party, and Combat Party. In December 1995, he was defeated by a coalition of the Labour Party and the Fighting Party, ending his 12 year rule. In January 1999, the Social Warfare Party formed an alliance with the Combat Party, with Anerod Jugnauth serving as the leader of the alliance. In February 2000, the Social Warfare Alliance was dissolved. In July, the Socialist Party and the Combat Party formed another alliance and defeated the Labour Party to take power in the general election held in September, with Anerod Jagnath appointed as Prime Minister. In April 2003, Anerod Jugnaut resigned as the leader of the Socialist War Party, and Pravind Jugnaut succeeded him. According to the alliance agreement between the two parties, Anerod Jugnaut was re elected as president in September 2003. In the 2005 general election, the Social War Alliance failed and lost its governing position. In the 2010 general election, he participated in the "Future Alliance" led by the Labour Party and joined the government after winning. In August 2011, the ruling coalition broke down and the Socialist Party withdrew from the government, becoming the opposition party. In 2014, the "People's Alliance" led by the Socialist Party won the general election and gained the governing position. In November 2019, the Mauritius Alliance, composed of the Socialist Party and the Liberal Movement Party, once again won the National Assembly elections. Internally advocating for the implementation of Western style democracy, carrying out social reforms, expanding productive employment, and establishing a "better and more just" Mauritius; Advocating a pragmatic foreign policy, developing relations with countries with different social systems, opposing racial discrimination, and supporting the establishment of a peace zone in the Indian Ocean. Leader Pravind Jugnaut.

(2) Mauritius Social Democratic Party/Parti Mauritius Social D é mocrate, PMSD）： Abbreviated as' Social Democratic Party '. Formerly known as the Mauritius People's Union, it was renamed the Mauritius People's Party in 1953 and its current name in 1964. Participated in government from 1983-1988, 2000-2005, April 2006 to September 2007. It is mainly composed of Maoist French descendants, Creoles, minority Muslims and Chinese. In 2014, the "People's Alliance" formed by the Social Democratic Party, the Social War Party, and the Liberal Movement Party won the general election and entered the government. In December 2016, the Social Democratic Party withdrew from the government and became the opposition party. In 2019, the National Alliance, a center left opposition party alliance formed with the Labour Party, was defeated in the general election. Internationally, it has close ties with some right-wing parties in the West.

(3) The Labour Party (PTr), founded on February 23, 1936, was Mao Zedong's first political party and actively fought for his independence. Long term independent governance after independence. In 1982, the Labour Party failed in the general election and began to form a coalition government with the Social War Party, Social Democratic Party, Combat Party, and others in 1983. In 1990, a Labour minister in the coalition government was dismissed for opposing the implementation of a republic, and the Labour Party became the opposition party. In 1995, the Labour Party and the Combat Party coalition won the general election, with Nawnchandra Ramgoolam appointed as Prime Minister. In June 1997, the ruling coalition broke down and the Labour Party once again ruled alone. In September 2000, the Labour Party lost the general election and became the opposition party. In 2005, the Social League led by the Labour Party won the election, and Ramgoolam was re elected as Prime Minister. In May 2010, the Labour Party, together with the Social War Party and the Social Democratic Party, formed the "Future Alliance" and won the new general election. Ramgoolam was re elected as Prime Minister. In 2014, the coalition formed by the Labour Party and the Fighting Party lost in the general election and became the opposition party. In 2019, the National Alliance, a center left opposition party alliance formed with the Social Democratic Party and others, suffered another defeat in the general election. The party advocates serving the working class and small farmers internally, and developing the national economy; Adhering to a non aligned policy towards foreign countries, advocating for the development of relations with both Eastern and Western countries, especially strengthening solidarity with African countries, and advocating for the establishment of a peace zone in the Indian Ocean. Leader Navinchandra Ramgoolam.

(4) The Mauritius Military Movement (MMM), also known as the "Combat Party". Established in 1969, it is mainly composed of intellectuals, youth, Muslims, and people of Indian descent. It was once Mao Zedong's largest political party, forming alliances with the Labour Party and the Socialist Party. After the Social War Alliance came to power in September 2000, Berenge was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister. According to the alliance agreement between the two parties, B é renger served as Prime Minister from September 2003. In the 2005 election, he failed and lost his governing position, becoming the opposition party. In the 2010 general election, the "Heart Alliance" formed with the National Unity Party and the Social Democratic Movement Party to participate in the election failed again. In 2014, he allied with the Labour Party to participate in the general election, but still lost. In 2019, he participated in the general election alone and was defeated. Advocating political democratization internally, implementing freedom of the press, association, and trade unions, opening up economically to the outside world, and developing the national economy; Advocating non alignment and neutrality, establishing friendly relations with other countries, opposing the militarization of the Indian Ocean, and demanding that Britain return Diego Garcia Island. Leader Paul Berenger.

【 Important Figures 】 Pravind Jagnath: Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Interior, and External Transport, Minister of Rodrigues Island, Outer Islands, and Territorial Integrity. Born on December 25, 1961, son of former Prime Minister Anerod Jugnauth. He has studied at the University of Buckingham in the UK, Lincoln Law School, and the University of Aix en Provence in France, obtaining a Master's degree in Law and serving as a lawyer. In January 2017, he took over as Prime Minister. In November 2019, he was re elected as the Prime Minister.

Mauritius is one of the better developed countries in Africa, ranking 52nd in the World Economic Forum's 2019 Global Competitiveness Report and first among African countries. In the early stages of independence, the economic structure of Mao was single, mainly producing and exporting sugar. Starting from the late 1970s, the economic structure was adjusted and diversified industrial policies were implemented, gradually forming four major economic pillars: manufacturing, financial services, tourism, and information and communication. Actively exploring international markets and achieving rapid economic development, it is known as the "Miracle of Mauritius". Since 1990, Mao has actively developed the offshore financial industry and built Port Louis as a free port. The service industry has accounted for over 70% of Mao's economy. In 2008, the international financial crisis had a certain impact on the wool export processing industry, textile industry, and tourism industry. Since taking office in 2014, the "People's Alliance" government has formulated the "2030 Vision" plan with the slogan of achieving the "second economic miracle", increased macroeconomic regulation, promoted economic structural adjustment, and focused on building new industrial pillars such as port development, high-end manufacturing, information innovation, and marine economy to ensure stable economic growth. After assuming office in 2017, Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth formulated a three-year development strategy and implemented pragmatic economic policies, with a focus on infrastructure construction, attracting foreign investment, poverty reduction, and benefiting the people. In 2020, tourism and other pillar industries will be severely hit by the COVID-19. In July, the Japanese cargo ship "Ruochao" ran aground and leaked oil in the waters southeast of Maoshan, causing an ecological disaster and impacting economic recovery. The Mao government has taken multiple measures to stabilize the economy and ensure people's livelihoods. Starting from July 2021, Mao will gradually open its borders and the tourism industry will gradually recover. The main economic data for 2023 are as follows (data sources: International Monetary Fund, Mauritius National Bureau of Statistics):

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 14.37 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 11400 US dollars.

Economic growth rate: 6.9%.

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar is equivalent to 46.52 rupees.

Inflation rate: 7%.

Foreign exchange reserves: 9.009 billion US dollars.

The industry is mainly focused on sugar production and export processing. The sugar industry is a traditional industry in Mauritius, and its foreign exchange income once accounted for nearly half of the total income. In normal years, the annual production of raw sugar can reach 500000 to 600000 tons. However, with the adjustment of the sugar industry quota system in Mauritius and its main export market, the development of the sugar industry has gradually shrunk. The cumulative sugar production in 2023 is about 239000 tons, an increase of 2.6% compared to 233000 tons in 2022.

Export processing industry is an emerging industry that developed in the early 1980s, with main products including textiles, clothing, watches, jewelry, instruments, etc. Enterprises within the Mao Export Processing Zone are mainly based on domestic capital, with the rest coming from countries such as France, Germany, Italy, India, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

The total arable land area in China is 110800 hectares, accounting for 46% of the country's total area, including 76186 hectares of sugarcane fields and 5262 hectares of grain fields. Approximately 200000 tons of grain need to be imported annually. Other crops include tea, tobacco, onions, fruits, etc. Animal husbandry mainly focuses on raising cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, chickens, etc. 80% of dairy products and 90% of beef are imported, while pork, chicken, and vegetables are basically self-sufficient. In 2022, the growth of gross agricultural output value is expected to reach 2.8%.

The Mao coastline is about 250 kilometers long and has an exclusive economic zone of 2.3 million square kilometers. The most economically valuable fishery resources are mainly tuna. In the 1980s, the gross fishing industry developed rapidly. Since 1992, in order to protect fishery resources and avoid overfishing, the government has taken restrictive measures. Seafood cannot be self-sufficient and needs to be imported in large quantities every year. In recent years, Mao Zedong has accelerated economic transformation and encouraged the development of the fishery product processing industry, making it one of the key industries to attract foreign investment. In the first half of 2022, the production of hairtail fish decreased from 14132 tons in the first half of 2021 to 12048 tons, a decrease of 14.7%. Among them, the catch of deep-sea fish (such as tuna) decreased by 16.8%, while the catch of coastal fish increased by 40.4%.

The tourism industry is an important foreign exchange earning industry for Mao Zedong, with an output value accounting for about 7.8% of the gross domestic product. As a world-renowned tourist destination, Mao has strong tourism reception capabilities, with 108 licensed hotels nationwide and approximately 30000 people serving the tourism industry. In 2023, tourism revenue will be 18.43 billion rupees, an increase of approximately 4.5 billion rupees from 2022. Tourists mainly come from Europe, with France, the United Kingdom, and Germany being the three major sources of tourists. In 2023, there were 1.295 million tourists visiting Mauritius, with an average accommodation time of 11.3 nights.

The financial services industry has developed rapidly in recent years. The financial and insurance markets are free and open. Foreign banks and insurance companies can register and operate in Mauritius with approval; The relaxation of bank interest rates is determined by each commercial bank independently; There are no foreign exchange controls, and the local currency rupee can be freely exchanged with foreign currencies. In 2017, the gross output value of the financial and insurance industry increased by 5.5%. Mao Central Bank is established and operated in accordance with the model of the Bank of England, reporting directly to Parliament and playing an active role in regulating financial institutions and managing clearing, payment, and settlement systems; The Commercial Bank of Mauritius (MCB) and the National Bank of Mauritius (SBM) are the top two commercial banks in Mauritius, accounting for 40% and 30% of the domestic market share, respectively. In addition to general banking business, their business scope also involves financing leasing, insurance and wealth management, investment management, funds, securities, etc. Among them, MCB ranks first in East Africa and 20th in Africa according to the comprehensive ranking of The Banker magazine. More than 10 foreign banks, including HSBC, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, and Standard Chartered, have established subsidiaries or branches in China, mainly engaged in offshore banking business, with HSBC and Barclays having the largest business volume.

Transportation mainly relies on road transportation. Without railways, the Mao government is promoting the construction of monorail projects between major cities.

Highway: The transportation of highways in Mao is relatively developed, with a total length of 2112 kilometers. As of June 2020, there were 589200 registered motor vehicles nationwide, an increase of 1.5% compared to the end of 2019.

Sea freight: Over 90% of the country's import and export materials rely on sea freight. Port Louis is Mao's only international commercial port and was declared a free port in 1993. The port has a high degree of modernization, a large container throughput, and can accommodate the most modern container ships. It has a 26 hectare container terminal and 3 modern container cranes, making it one of the largest container ports in sub Saharan Africa. The Mao government made efforts to build Port Louis into one of the regional shipping centers. At present, more than 20 international shipping lines to and from Asia, Europe, Oceania, and South Africa are stopping at Port Louis.

Air freight: Mao currently has two airports, namely Ramgoolam International Airport located in Plaisans and Rodrigues Island Civil Airport. The former is provided with preferential loans by the Chinese government and constructed by Chinese enterprises, with a terminal area of 32000 square meters and a high degree of modernization, capable of accommodating large passenger planes. Mauritius Airlines was established in June 1967. Nearly 30 international routes have been opened, connecting more than 10 European, Asian, and non European countries, with direct flights to over 20 cities including Shanghai, Singapore, London, Paris, Johannesburg, and Perth. In April 2020, affected by the COVID-19, Air Mauritius started bankruptcy protection proceedings.

Foreign trade is an important component of Mao's national economy. The main exports include sugarcane and products from export processing zones, as well as imported grains and other foods, cotton and wool raw materials, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, etc. We have trade relations with over 100 countries and regions, with major trading partners including France, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, China, and others. In 2023, the total gross import and export volume is approximately 8.35 billion US dollars, of which the total export volume is 2.238 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 1.4%, and the total import volume is 6.112 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 2.7%.

Mauritius implements welfare policies such as free healthcare, free education, unemployment benefits, and rice and flour price subsidies. There are a total of 15 hospitals, 21 regional medical centers, and 130 community medical centers in China, with a total of 4437 beds. On average, there are 19.3 doctors per 10000 people. The average life expectancy is 70.4 years for males and 77.3 years for females. As of the end of 2022, the total gross population was 1261196, including 623181 males and 638015 females. The population in 2022 decreased by 2692 compared to 2021. In 2022, there were 12096 newborns, a year-on-year decrease of 6.8%; 12938 people died, a year-on-year decrease of 2.5%. In 2021, 8186 people registered for marriage nationwide, an increase of 18.1% compared to 2020. Mao has a modern communication network. In 2021, there will be 1811700 Internet users, up 9.9% year on year, and the Internet penetration rate will reach 75%. There are 15 public holidays every year.

The COVID-19 began in March 2020. The government took strict control measures to control the spread of the epidemic in June, and there were no new local cases for several consecutive months. Local transmission cases reappeared in 2021. The government is vigorously promoting vaccination. Gradually open the border from July to fully open in October. The overall situation of the epidemic is controllable.

Mauritius does not have a regular combat force, and its armed forces consist of police, national security agencies, anti drug trafficking and smuggling units, helicopter units, coastal patrol units, and special mobile units, with a total of about 10000 people, equipped with small aircraft, helicopters, armored vehicles, cannons, and patrol boats. The Constitution stipulates that the President is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, but the actual control of the armed forces is in the hands of the Prime Minister.

The Mao armed forces were established by relying on Britain, France, and India. The military exchanges and mutual visits between the three countries and Mao are frequent, and military experts are regularly dispatched to Mao to train special mobile forces. The officers and soldiers of the Mao police force are also sent to the three countries mentioned above for training.

Mauritius follows the British education system, with a 6-year primary and secondary education system. Implementing free education for primary, secondary, and tertiary schools is one of the developing countries with a higher level of education among their populations. The education rate for the population under 30 years old is 95%. Since 1997, a nine-year compulsory education system has been implemented, striving to increase the enrollment rate of secondary schools to 95%. As of October 2021, there are a total of 789 preschool education schools in China, with over 23600 students enrolled; There are 319 primary schools with approximately 84000 students enrolled; There are 178 middle schools with approximately 102700 students enrolled; There are 110 vocational schools with over 8000 students enrolled.

There are currently two universities in Mauritius, namely the University of Mauritius and the Technical University of Mauritius, which train undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students. There are also 8 vocational schools, among which the Mauritius Institute of Education is a vocational college mainly focused on training primary and secondary school teachers, and Gandhi Institute is an Oriental Language and Arts Institute built with the assistance of India.

After Mao Zedong's independence, successive governments implemented a policy of press freedom. There are dozens of newspapers and magazines currently available. There is no news agency, and the news department forwards international news from major Western news agencies to the press via telegraph. The daily newspapers with the largest circulation are L'Express, le Mauricien, and Le D é fi. In addition, there are four Chinese newspapers including the Overseas Chinese Times. The Mauritius Broadcasting and Television Corporation is directly under the leadership of the Prime Minister's Office. Its predecessor was the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation, founded in 1937. Currently, most of its radio and television programs are in French, followed by English, Hindi, Creole, and a small number of Hakka and Cantonese programs. In April 2002, two private radio stations, Radio One and Radio Plus, began broadcasting. Indian Ocean Publishing House is a semi official organization for publishing and distributing books by Mao Zedong Publishing, responsible for publishing primary and secondary school textbooks compiled by the country's education institute and Gandhi Institute, as well as importing and wholesaling foreign books, and holding international book fairs from time to time.

Mauritius adheres to a neutral, non aligned, and all-round foreign policy, insists on diplomacy serving economic development, advocates for the development of friendly relations with all countries, actively participates in regional and South South cooperation, and attaches great importance to developing relations with Eastern and Southern African countries, countries of gross population origin, and countries along the Indian Ocean coast. In recent years, Mao actively played the role of a "small island power" in the region, advocating for debt relief for developing countries and promoting regional integration in Africa. As a spokesperson for small island nations, actively playing a role in international issues such as climate change.

Mao is a member of organizations such as the Non Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Southern African Development Community, the Indian Ocean Rim Alliance, and the Indian Ocean Commission. He is also the secretariat of the Indian Ocean Rim Alliance and the Indian Ocean Commission.