Mexico Passport

The United Mexican States, Los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

[Area] 1.9644 million square kilometers.

Population: 130 million (2023). Indo European and Native American people make up over 90% of the total population.

Spanish is the main language used.

88% of residents believe in Catholicism, and 5.2% believe in Protestantism.

[Currency] Mexican peso (1 US dollar is equivalent to 17.7 pesos).

【 Capital 】 Mexico City (Ciudad de M é xico). The area is 1525 square kilometers, the population is about 22.8 million (including satellite cities), and the altitude is 2240 meters.

President Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo, who took office on October 1, 2024, will serve until September 2030.

[Important holiday] September 16th (Mexican Independence Day, 1821).

【 Overview 】 Located in the southern part of North America. It borders the United States to the north, Guatemala and Belize to the south, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. The coastline is 11122 kilometers long. Surrounded by the Madre Mountains on the east, west, and south sides, with the Mexican Plateau in the center and the flat Yucatan Peninsula in the southeast. There are many narrow plains along the coast. The climate in Mexico is complex and diverse. The plateau region is mild all year round, with an average temperature of 10-26 ℃; The northwest inland has a continental climate; The coastal and southeastern plains have a tropical climate. Most regions have two seasons: drought (October to April) and rain (May to September), with the rainy season accounting for 75% of the annual precipitation.

The ancient civilization of the Americas. The Maya culture, Olmec culture, Toltec culture, and Aztec culture were all created by the Mexican indigenous people. In 1519, Spanish colonizers invaded. On September 16, 1810, Father Hidalgo launched an uprising and began the War of Independence. On September 16, 1821, Mexico declared independence. The Federal Republic was established in October 1824. The bourgeois democratic revolution broke out in 1910. In 1917, the bourgeois democratic constitution was promulgated, declaring the country as the United Mexican States. The Revolutionary Institutional Party has been in power for 71 consecutive years since 1929. The National Action Party won two consecutive elections in 2000 and 2006. The Institutional Revolutionary Party regained power in 2012. In 2018 and 2024, the National Renaissance Movement Party won two consecutive elections.

Implement a presidential system in politics. The President is the head of state and government, serving a term of 6 years and cannot be reappointed for life. There is no Vice President position.

The first constitution after independence was promulgated in 1824. The Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated in 1917 and has been implemented since multiple revisions. The Constitution stipulates the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers; The president is elected directly; Land, water bodies, and all other natural resources belong to the state. Each federal state formulates its own constitution, but the power of state governments is constrained by the national constitution.

The Federal Parliament is divided into two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, which exercise legislative power. Members of both houses are not eligible for re-election, but may run for re-election in alternate terms.

The Senate has 128 members with a term of 6 years. The current Senate will be elected in August 2024, with 66 seats for the National Renaissance Movement Party, 22 seats for the National Action Party, 16 seats for the Institutional Revolutionary Party, 13 seats for the Green Ecology Party, and 11 seats for other parties. The current President of the Senate is Jos é Gerardo Rodolfo Fern á ndez Noro ñ a from the National Renewal Movement Party. He took office on September 1, 2024 and will serve until August 31, 2025.

500 members of the House of Representatives, of which 300 seats are elected by majority vote and 200 seats are elected by proportional representation of political parties, with a term of 3 years. The current House of Representatives will be elected in August 2024, with 257 seats for the National Renaissance Movement Party, 71 seats for the National Action Party, 60 seats for the Green Ecology Party, 47 seats for the Labor Party, 36 seats for the Revolutionary Institutional Party, 27 seats for the Citizen Movement Party, and 2 seats for other parties. The current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Marcela Guerra Castillo from the National Renaissance Movement Party, who took office on October 8, 2024 and will serve until August 31, 2025.

The current government was established on October 1, 2024. The main cabinet members include Interior Minister Rosa Icela Rodr í guez, Foreign Minister Juan Ram ó n de la Fuente, Defense Minister Ricardo Trevilla Trejo, Navy Minister Raymundo Pedro Morales Á ngle, Public Security Minister Omar Garc í a Harfuch, Finance and Public Credit Minister Rogelio Ram í rez de la O, and Welfare Minister Ariadna. Ariadna Montiel Reyes (female), Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Alicia Barcelona Ivara (Alicia B) á rcena Ibarra (female), Minister of Energy Luz Elena Gonz á lez Escobar (female), Minister of Economy Marcelo Ebrard Casaub ó n, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Julio Berdegu é Sacrist á n, Minister of Infrastructure and Transport Jes ú s Antonio Esteva Medina, Minister of Anti Corruption and Good Governance Raquel Buenrostro S á nchez (female), Mario Delgado Carrillo, Minister of Public Education, David Kershenovich Stalnicowitz, Minister of Health Minister of Labor and Social Security, Marath Baruch Bola ñ os L ó pez; Minister of Rural, Land and Urban Development, Edna Elena Vega Rangel; Minister of Culture, Claudia Curiel de Icaza; Minister of Tourism, Josefina Rodr í guez Zamora; Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation, Rosaura Ru í z Guti é rrez; Federal Administrative Legal Advisor, Ernestina Gedoy Ramos Estena Godoy Ramos, female, etc.

The country is divided into 32 states (the capital Mexico City has been changed from a federal district to a state), with cities (towns) and villages under each state. 32 States are named as follows: Mexico City, Aguascalientes, Baja California, Southern Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coavera, Kolima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Halysco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayalit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Cretaro, QuintanaRoo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco State, Tamaulipas State, Tuscany State, Veracruz State, Yucatan State, Saccatecas State.

The judicial system is divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, regional courts (circuit courts), and district courts. The current President of the Supreme Court, Norma Luc í a Pi ñ a Hern á ndez (female). At present, Mo is promoting the implementation of judicial reform with the core of universal suffrage for judges.

The Attorney General is nominated by the President and appointed by the Senate. The current Attorney General, Alejandro Gertz Manero.

Main political parties:

(1) Movimiento Regeneraci ó n Nacional: The ruling party. Established on July 9th, 2014. Party Chairperson Luisa Mar í a Alcalde Luj á n (female) and General Secretary Carolina Rangel Graciada (female).

(2) Partido Revolutionario Institucional: opposition party, member of the Socialist International. Established on March 4, 1929, it ruled continuously for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, and returned to power from 2012 to 2018 after a 12 year hiatus. Party Chairman Alejandro Moreno C á rdenas and General Secretary Carolina Viggiano Austria (female).

(3) National Action Party (Partido Acci ó n Nacional): The opposition party. Established on September 15, 1939. Member of Christian Democratic International. Served from 2000 to 2012. Party Chairman Marko Cort é s Mendoza and General Secretary Noem í Berenice Luna Ayala (female).

[Important Person] Claudia Simbaum Pardo: President. Born on June 24, 1962 in Mexico. Bachelor's degree in Physics, Master's and PhD in Energy Engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Academician of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, and Environmental Engineer. From 2000 to 2006, he served as the Director of the Environment Department in Mexico City. Joined the National Renaissance Movement Party in 2014. She served as the mayor of Mexico City from 2018 to 2023, and was elected as the first female president of Mexico in June 2024. She took office on October 1 and served a six-year term.

Mexico is a major economic power in Latin America, a member of the USMCA (formerly the North American Free Trade Area), one of the world's most open economies, and has signed free trade agreements with 50 countries. The industrial categories are complete, and the petrochemical, power, mining, metallurgical, and manufacturing industries are relatively developed. A traditional agricultural country, it is the origin of corn, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and tobacco. According to statistics, the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023 will be $1.8 trillion, a year-on-year increase of 3.2%, with a per capita GDP of $13000, an inflation rate of 4.7%, and an unemployment rate of 2.7%.

[Foreign Trade] Mexico mainly exports crude oil, industrial products, petroleum products, clothing, agricultural products, etc. Its main export destinations are the United States, Canada, the European Union, Central America, China, etc; The main sources of imported food, pharmaceutical products, communication equipment, etc. are the United States, China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, etc. In 2023, the total foreign trade volume was 1191.48 billion US dollars, including exports of 5930.1 billion US dollars and imports of 598.47 billion US dollars, an increase of 1%, 2.6%, and a decrease of 1% year-on-year, respectively.

[People's life] In 2023, the national birth rate will be 15.7 ‰, and the mortality rate will be 4.6 ‰.

Education: Public education is basically free education. All textbooks for compulsory education are free of charge. The Constitution stipulates that a 12 year compulsory education system from 3 years of preschool to junior high school will be implemented starting from 2008.

The National Autonomous University of Mexico is the largest and oldest university in Mexico, and also one of the best universities in Latin America. The predecessor of the school was the Royal University of Mexico, established with the approval of Spanish Regent Felipe II in 1551. It was later renamed as the Royal Pontifical University of Mexico, the National Pontifical University of Mexico, etc. After several changes, it became autonomous in 1929 and was called the National Autonomous University of Mexico, which has been in use ever since.

Long term adherence to an independent foreign policy, advocating for the maintenance of national sovereignty and independence, respecting the right of national self-determination, and promoting diversified foreign relations. Advocate for peaceful resolution of international disputes.

Mo is a member of mechanisms such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G20, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization of American States, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Pacific Alliance, and an observer of the Non Aligned Movement.