Nepal Passport

【 Country Name 】 Nepal

【 Area 】 Approximately 147000 square kilometers

The population is approximately 30.59 million (as of 2023). Nepali is the national language, and English is commonly used in the upper class society. A multi-ethnic, multi religious, multi surname, and multilingual country. More than 80% of residents believe in Hinduism, 9% believe in Buddhism, and a small number believe in Islam and other religions.

【 Capital 】 Kathmandu, with an altitude of about 1400 meters, has a permanent population of about 5 million. The monthly average maximum temperature is 29 ℃ (July), and the monthly average minimum temperature is 2 ℃ (January).

President Ramchandra Poudel was elected on March 9, 2023, with a term of 5 years.

[Important Festival] Republic Day: May 28th. National Day: September 20th. Dashain, also known as Bara Dashain or Vijaya Dashami, is the largest folk festival in October, with a total of 15 days and 7 days off nationwide.

【 Natural Conditions 】 A landlocked mountainous country in South Asia, located at the southern foot of the Himalayas, bordering China to the north and India on the other three sides. The country is divided into three climate zones: northern high mountains, central temperate zone, and southern subtropical zone. The lowest temperature in winter in the north is -41 ℃, and the highest temperature in summer in the south is 45 ℃.

In the early 13th century, the Maratha dynasty emerged and vigorously promoted Hinduism. In 1768, the Shah dynasty rose and unified the entire country. In 1846, the Rana family relied on British support to seize military and political power, and obtained hereditary prime ministerial status, making the king a puppet. In 1950, the Nepalese people launched a massive mass movement and armed struggle against the dictatorship of the Rana family. King Tribhuvan restored his royal power, ended the rule of the Rana family, and implemented a constitutional monarchy. In 1960, King Mahendra abolished political parties and implemented a non partisan council system. In 1990, a large-scale "people's movement" erupted in Nepal, forcing King Birendra to restore constitutional monarchy. In 2001, King Birendra was killed in a royal massacre, and Birendra's younger brother Gyanendra succeeded to the throne. In 2005, Jia took power after dissolving the government. The main political parties formed the "Seven Party Alliance" and joined forces with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) to oppose the king, and overthrew the king's rule through the second "People's Movement" in 2006. In 2008, Nepal held elections for the Constituent Assembly, which declared the establishment of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.

In 2008, the first Constituent Assembly elected Prachanda as the first Prime Minister of Nepal during the era of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Ram Baran Yadav as the first President, and Subhas Namwang as the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. Subsequently, Madhav Kumar Nepal, Jala Nat Karnal, Babram Bhattarai, Kiir Raj Regmi, and Suhir Koirala were successively elected as Prime Ministers.

On September 20, 2015, Nepal officially promulgated a new constitution. In October, Bidya Devi Bandari and Kadgar Prasad Sharma Oli were elected as President and Prime Minister, respectively. In August 2016, Prachanda was elected as the Prime Minister. In June 2017, Sher Bahadur de Upa became the Prime Minister. In 2017, Nepal held its first three-tier elections since the promulgation of the new constitution. On February 15, 2018, Kadgar Prasad Sharma Oli was reappointed as Prime Minister. In March, Bidia Devi Bandari was re elected as president. In December 2020 and May 2021, Prime Minister Oli dissolved the House of Representatives twice. In July, the Supreme Court ruled that the dissolution of the House of Representatives was unconstitutional and demanded the restoration of the House of Representatives, appointing the Chairman of the Congress Party, Deuba, as the Prime Minister. In 2022, Nepal held its second three-tier elections, and Prachanda became the Prime Minister with the support of political parties such as the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In February 2023, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) withdrew from the coalition government and the Congress Party joined the coalition government. In March 2024, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) led the formation of a new governing coalition. In July 2024, the cooperation between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) broke down, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Congress Party took the lead in forming a new government, with Kadgar Prasad Sharma Oli serving as the Prime Minister.

In September 2015, Nepal promulgated a new constitution. The new constitution establishes Nepal as a Federal Democratic Republic; Divide the country into 7 federal provinces; The President serves as the ceremonial head of state and commander-in-chief of the military, with the Prime Minister being the leader of the majority party in parliament; The Federal Parliament adopts a bicameral system, consisting of the Federal House and the House of Representatives.

After the promulgation of Nepal's new constitution, the Constituent Assembly automatically transformed into the Legislative Assembly. In October 2017, the Nepalese Legislative Assembly was dissolved. At the end of 2017 and the beginning of 2018, Nepal held elections for the Federal Parliament House of Representatives and the Federal Assembly in stages. Ganesh Prasad Timilsina was elected as the first President of the Federal Council, serving until 2024; Krishna Bahadur Mahara was elected as the first Speaker of the House of Representatives for a term of 5 years. He resigned due to a scandal during his tenure, and Agni Sapkota succeeded him as Speaker, serving until 2022. At the end of 2022, Nepal held elections for the House of Representatives, and Dev Raj Ghimire was elected as the new Speaker of the House, serving until 2027. In March 2024, Nepal held federal elections, and Narayan Prasad Dahal was elected as the new chairman of the federal parliament, with a term until 2030.

At present, the Nepalese Cabinet has a total of 22 members, mainly including Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli; Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Urban Development Prakash Man Singh; Bishnu Prasad Paudel, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance; Prithvi Subba Gurung, Minister of Communications and Information Technology; Interior Minister Ramesh Lakhak; Sarat Singh Bhandari, Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security; Foreign Minister Arzu Rana Deuba; Minister of Water Supply Pradeep Yadav; Balaram Adhikari, Minister of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Reduction; Damodar Bhandari, Minister of Commerce and Supply; Nawal Kishor Sah Sudi, Minister of Women, Children and the Elderly; Devendra Dahal, Minister of Infrastructure and Transport; Teju Lal Chaudhary, Minister of Youth and Sports; Minister of Health and Population Pradeep Poudel; Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya, Minister of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs; Badri Prasad Pandey, Minister of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation; Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Development Ramnath Adhikari; Minister of Education and Technology Bidya Bhattarai; Defense Minister Manbir Rai; Deepak Khadka, Minister of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation; Raj Kumar Gupta, Minister of Federal Affairs and General Administration; Aain Bahadur Shahi Thakuri, Minister of Forests and Environment.

The new constitution stipulates that the country is divided into seven federal provinces, namely Kosi Province, Madhesi Province, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province, Lumbini Province, Karnali Province, and Far West Province.

The Nigerian courts are divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, the High Court, and the District Court.

[Important Person] Ramchandra Bodar, male, President of Nepal, born on October 6, 1944. In 1960, he joined the movement to restore democratic rights, and in 1970, he participated in the establishment of the Nepal Student Union, a student organization affiliated with the Congress Party. In 1987, he served as a member of the Central Working Committee of the National Congress Party and Minister of Propaganda. In 1996, he became the Vice Chairman of the National Congress Party, and in 2007, he became the Acting Party Chairman. In 1991, he was appointed as the Minister of Local Development. In 1992, he became the Minister of Agriculture. In 1994, he became the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Federal Parliament. In 1999, he became the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Home Affairs, and Minister of Information and Communications. In 2007, he became the Minister of Peace and Reconstruction. Elected as the third President of Nepal in March 2023, with a term until 2028.

Khadgar Prasad Sharma Oli, male, Prime Minister of Nepal, Chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist). Born on February 22, 1952. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was established in January 1991, with Oli serving as the founding leader of the organization. In 2014, he served as the Chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In May 2018, after the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), he became the joint chairman. After the split of the Communist Party of Nepal in March 2021, he once again served as the Chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified). He served as the Prime Minister of Nepal three times from 2015 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2021. In July 2024, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Congress Party led the formation of a new government, with Oli serving as Prime Minister for the fourth time.

There are over 70 political parties, mainly including:

(1) Nepal Congress: Established in January 1947. Advocate consolidating multi-party democracy, establishing national unity and maintaining mutual trust and cooperation, and adhering to non alignment. In July 1999, the Central Working Committee was established, chaired by Girija Prasad Koirala. In June 2002, Sher Bahadur Deuba founded the Congress Party (Democratic) and appointed himself as its chairman, but the Congress Party split. In September 2007, the Congress Party merged with the Congress Party (Democratic) to form the Congress Party. The current chairman is Sher Bahadur Deuba.

(2) Nepal Communist Party (Unified Marxist Leninist): A communist political party in Nepal that advocates for multi-party democracy and the establishment of a legal, free, and open country. Originating from the Communist Party of Nepal established in 1949. In January 1991, it was formed by the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist Leninist). In March 1998, it split into the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist Leninist). In February 2002, the two parties merged again. In 2018, it merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) to form the Communist Party of Nepal. In March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Communist Party of Nepal was invalid and returned to its pre merger state. The current party chairman is Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli.

(3) Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre): A communist political party in Nepal. In May 1994, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Center) split into the Rama faction and the Prachanda faction. In March 1995, Prachanda changed the party name to Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In January 2009, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Center Torch) to form the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In May 2016, multiple independent factions of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) announced their merger to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center). In 2018, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) to form the Communist Party of Nepal. In March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Communist Party of Nepal was invalid and returned to its pre merger state. The current party chairman is Puspa Kamal Dahal "Prachanda".

Agricultural country, economically backward, one of the least developed countries in the world. Since the early 1990s, market-oriented free economic policies have been implemented, but due to political instability and weak infrastructure, the results have not been significant. Heavy reliance on foreign aid, with a quarter of budget expenditures coming from foreign donations and loans. The main economic data for the fiscal year 2023/2024 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product: 41.42 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 1434 US dollars.

Currency name: Nepalese Rupee.

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 130 rupees.

【 Resources 】 There are copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, phosphorus, cobalt, quartz, sulfur, brown coal, mica, marble, limestone, magnesite, wood, etc., all of which have only been extracted in small quantities. Abundant hydropower resources, with a hydroelectric reserve of 83 million kilowatts, accounting for approximately 2.3% of the world's hydroelectric reserves. The economically and technically feasible installed capacity is approximately 42 million kilowatts.

The industrial foundation is weak, the scale is small, the level of mechanization is low, and the development is slow. Light industry and semi-finished product processing are the main industries, mainly including sugar production, textiles, leather and shoe manufacturing, food processing, cigarettes and matches, jute processing, brick and tile production, and plastic products.

The agricultural population accounts for about 70% of the total population. The cultivated land area is 3.251 million hectares. Mainly cultivating agricultural products such as rice, sugarcane, tea, and tobacco, with a self-sufficiency rate of 97% for grain.

The tourism industry is located at the southern foot of the Himalayas, with beautiful natural scenery and pleasant climate. Hiking and mountaineering industries are relatively developed. The main tourists visiting Nepal are Asian, with Indian and Chinese tourists being the majority, followed by Western European and North American tourists.

Transportation mainly relies on highways and aviation. The capital has Tripven International Airport. In 2022, the Chinese built Pokhara International Airport and Lumbini Buddha International Airport will be put into operation, while the rest will be regional centers or small-scale airports. There is one state-owned Nepal Airlines, six private airlines, and one private helicopter company in the country. There are flights operating in major cities and towns in China. It is navigable to China, India, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Türkiye and other countries.

The main trading partners include India, China, Argentina, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Australia, Ukraine, Malaysia, South Korea, etc. The main imported goods are coal, petroleum products, wool, pharmaceuticals, machinery, electrical appliances, fertilizers, etc. The main exported goods are vegetable oil, fiber yarn, cashmere products, carpets, clothing, leather, agricultural products, handicrafts, etc.

The main donor countries and international organizations for foreign aid are: the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, India, China, etc.

There are over 100 public hospitals, more than 1100 medical stations, over 2600 village level medical stations, more than 200 primary healthcare centers, and over 110 private hospitals in China. There are about 2000 doctors and over 11000 registered nurses in public hospitals. The largest public hospital is Bir Hospital in Kathmandu, and the largest private hospital is Norvic International Hospital in Kathmandu

Military: Only the army. Implement a voluntary military service system, with soldiers serving for 17 years. The total number of troops is about 100000, with 8 divisions, 19 brigades, 1 branch, and 3 branch bureaus under its jurisdiction. There are currently 72000 police officers and 36000 armed police forces.

The current education system is divided into three levels: primary, secondary, and higher education. Primary education lasts for 5 years (primary school), secondary education lasts for 7 years, including 3 years of primary secondary education (junior high school), 2 years of intermediate secondary education, and 2 years of advanced secondary education. Higher education lasts for 8 years, including 3 years of undergraduate studies, 2 years of master's studies, and 3 years of doctoral studies. Nepal implements a 10-year free education system, with tuition fees waived. Nepal has approximately 35000 public primary and secondary education schools, as well as 13 public comprehensive and vocational higher education institutions. The comprehensive universities mainly include Tribhuvan University, Mahendra Sanskrit University, Kathmandu University, Pokhara University, Pursakhar University, Nepalese Sanskrit University, Lumbini Buddhist University, Central Western University, Far Western University, and Agricultural and Forestry University.

【 News Publishing 】 Registered and distributed over 6000 types of newspapers and magazines, including more than 500 daily newspapers. Nepalese language newspapers account for over 90%, followed by English and Hindi. The two largest daily newspapers with the highest circulation are both official newspapers: "Gurkha", Nepali language, founded in 1902; New Nepal Daily, English, founded in 1965. In addition, there are various daily newspapers such as Kathmandu Post, Himalaya Times, Republic Daily, and Kandypur.

The Nepal National News Agency is the official news agency established in April 1962.

Nepal Radio is the only official radio station established in 1951, broadcasting in Nepali, English, Nepali, and Hindi. In addition, Nepal has four private FM radio stations.

Nepal Television was founded in 1984 and premiered in the capital on December 28, 1985. Since 2006, it has been broadcasting 24 hours a day. More than 30 television stations in Nepal have been approved to operate, and nearly 20 have started broadcasting programs.

We adhere to a foreign policy of equality, mutual benefit, mutual respect, and non alignment, advocating for the development of friendly relations with countries around the world based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. As of August 2024, we have established diplomatic relations with 183 countries. We attach great importance to developing friendly relations with the two neighboring countries of China and India. Pay attention to strengthening relations with Western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and strive for economic assistance and investment. Actively promoting the development of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Kathmandu is the location of the SAARC Secretariat. In March 2016, it became a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. In August 2018, the 4th Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi sector Economic and Technological Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Summit was held. In March 2024, join the "Friends of Global Development Initiative Group".

[Relations with China] Refer to "Bilateral Relations between China and Nepal"

The two countries officially established diplomatic relations with India in June 1947. India is Nepal's largest trading partner and important aid provider, with an open border between Nepal and India. In January 2010, Indian Foreign Minister Krishna visited Nepal. In February, Nepalese President Yadav visited India. In January 2011, Nepalese President Yadav visited India again. In October 2011, Nepalese Prime Minister Bhattarai visited India. In December 2012, Nepalese President Yadav visited India. In May 2014, Nepalese Prime Minister Koirala attended the inauguration ceremony of India's new Prime Minister Modi. In 2014, Indian Prime Minister Modi visited Nepal twice. After the promulgation of Nepal's new constitution in September 2015, India tightened border controls, resulting in severe shortages of domestic supplies and tense relations between Nepal and India. In January 2016, the Nepalese parliament passed a new constitutional amendment that partially met the demands of the opposition. India welcomes the amendment and gradually relaxes the embargo on Nepal. In February 2016, Nepalese Prime Minister Oli visited India, and Nepal India relations initially improved. In May 2016, the Nepalese President cancelled his visit to India, and the Nepalese government recalled its ambassador to India, leading to another deadlock in Nepal India relations. In August 2016, the Nepalese Prime Minister sent Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs, Nidhi, as the Prime Minister's special envoy to visit India. In September 2016, Nepalese Foreign Minister Mahathir visited India, and Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda visited India, gradually easing Nepal India relations. In November 2016, Indian President Mukherjee paid a state visit to Nepal, marking the first visit by an Indian president to Nepal in nearly 18 years. In April 2017, Nepalese President Bhandari paid a state visit to India. In August, Nepalese Prime Minister Deuba visited India. In February 2018, Indian Foreign Minister Swaraj visited Nepal. In April 2018, Nepalese Prime Minister Oli visited India. In May 2018, Indian Prime Minister Modi visited Nepal. In August 2018, Indian Prime Minister Modi went to Nepal to attend the 4th Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Economic and Technological Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Summit. In May 2019, Nepalese Prime Minister Oli attended the inauguration ceremony of Indian Prime Minister Modi in India. In August, Indian Foreign Minister Ajaccio visited Nepal. In January 2021, Nepalese Foreign Minister Jawali visited India. In May 2022, Indian Prime Minister Modi visited the Buddhist holy site of Lumbini in Nepal. In May 2023, Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda visited India. In January 2024, Indian Foreign Minister Sujaeden visited Nepal. In June, Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda went to India to attend the inauguration ceremony of Indian Prime Minister Modi. In August, Nepalese Foreign Minister Azu visited India. In September, Nepalese Prime Minister Oli and Indian Prime Minister Modi held bilateral talks during the 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York.

In April 1947, Nepal and the United States established diplomatic relations and signed a friendly and commercial treaty. In recent years, US Deputy Secretary of State Otero, Deputy Secretary of State Sherman, Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Deputy Secretary of State Zea, Deputy Secretary of State Newland, Director of International Development Agency Bauer and other senior officials have visited Nigeria successively. In December 2018, Nepalese Foreign Minister Jawali visited the United States. In July 2022, Donald Trump, the Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs of the United States, visited Nepal. In September 2023, Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda went to the United States to attend the United Nations General Assembly. In November 2023, Nepalese Foreign Minister Saoud visited the United States. In September 2024, Nepal and the United States established a bilateral consultation mechanism to discuss issues of common concern to both countries. The mechanism is led by the diplomatic affairs leaders of the two countries and is held alternately.

Nepal joined the United Nations in 1995. In January 2007, the Security Council passed a resolution on the issue of Nepal, establishing the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) to assist all parties in Nepal in advancing the peace process. After several delays, UNMIN withdrew in January 2011. Nepal actively participates in United Nations peacekeeping operations, with a total of 6122 personnel participating as of August 2024, making it the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping operations.