Nigeria Passport

[Country Name] The Federal Republic of Nigeria.

【 Area 】 923768 square kilometers.

Population: 227 million (2024). There are more than 250 ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Hausa Fulani ethnic group in the north (29% of the national population), the Yoruba ethnic group in the west (21%) and the Ibo ethnic group in the east (18%). The official language is English. The main ethnic languages are Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. 50% of the residents believe in Islam, 40% believe in Christianity, and 10% believe in other religions.

【 Capital 】 Abuja. Officially relocated from Lagos in December 1991. The population is about 6 million. The average maximum temperature is 35 ℃ and the average minimum temperature is 15 ℃.

Head of State: President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, Bola Tinubu.

【 Overview 】 Located in southeastern West Africa, it borders Cameroon to the east, Chad across Lake Chad to the northeast, Benin to the west, Niger to the north, and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The border is approximately 4035 kilometers long, and the coastline is 800 kilometers long. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. There are numerous rivers within the territory. It belongs to the tropical monsoon climate, with dry and rainy seasons throughout the year, and an average annual temperature of 26-27 ℃.

Nigeria is an ancient civilization in Africa. In the 8th century AD, the Zaghawa nomadic tribe established the Kanem Bornu kingdom around Lake Chad, which lasted for over a thousand years. Starting from the 10th century, the Yoruba people established kingdoms such as Ife, Oyo, and Benin in the lower reaches of the Niger River. Around the 11th century, the Hausa tribe established seven castle kingdoms in the northern region of Nepal, known as the "Hausa Seven States". In the 16th century, they were conquered by the Western Sanghai Empire. In 1472, Portugal invaded. In the mid-16th century, Britain invaded. In 1914, it officially became a British colony. On October 1, 1960, it declared independence and became a member of the Commonwealth. The Federal Republic of Nigeria was established on October 1, 1963.

After independence, there were multiple military coups, and military rule lasted for a long time. In June 1998, the head of the military government, Sani Abacha, passed away, and the Chief of Defense Staff, Abdulsalami Abubakar, took over as the head of state and formulated a plan to return power to the people. In February 1999, Olusegun Obasanjo, the candidate of the People's Democratic Party, was elected president and was re elected in April 2003. In April 2007, Umaru Yar'Adua, the candidate of the People's Democratic Party, was elected president. In May 2010, Yar'Adua passed away, and Vice President Goodluck Jonathan succeeded him as President. He was re elected in April 2011. In March 2015, Nigeria held presidential and National Assembly elections, with the All Progressive Congress Party winning, ending the 16 year streak of the People's Democratic Party in power. Buhari was elected president, inaugurated in May, and re elected in February 2019. In February 2023, Nigeria held a new presidential and National Assembly election, and the candidate of the All Progressive Congress Party, Tinubu, won the presidential election and officially took office on May 29th.

In recent years, the overall political situation in Nepal has remained stable, but there are still many unstable factors. The security situation is complex and severe, and it has been listed as the eighth most severely affected country by terrorism in the 2023 Global Terrorism Index report. Transnational terrorist organizations such as Boko Haram and ISIS West Africa Province, as well as local armed groups, frequently launch various types of attacks. There are continuous destructive activities in the southern oil producing areas, with a high number of security cases such as kidnapping and robbery. In some areas, there are anti-government armed activities such as "Biafra indigenous people".

Nigeria has formulated five constitutions since its independence, namely the 1960, 1963, 1979, 1989, and 1999 constitutions (the 1989 constitution was never promulgated). The current constitution was revised based on the 1979 constitution and was promulgated on May 5, 1999. It officially came into effect on May 29 of the same year, when President Obasanjo took office. The main content includes: Nepal is an indivisible sovereign state and implements a federal system; Implement a political system of separation of powers, with the President as the highest executive and leading the Cabinet; The National Assembly consists of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives, and is the highest legislative body of the country; The Supreme Court is the highest judicial institution; The President and the National Assembly are both elected directly, with a term of four years and no more than two consecutive terms.

The National Assembly is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, with members elected directly for a term of 4 years and eligible for re-election. The 10th National Assembly will be elected in March 2023 and officially formed in June. In the Senate with 109 seats and the House of Representatives with 360 seats, the All Progressive Congress Party won 59 seats and 178 seats respectively, while the main opposition party, the People's Democratic Party, won 36 seats and 115 seats. Senate Speaker Godswill Akpabio and House Speaker Abbas Tajuddeen.

The Federal Executive Council, also known as the Cabinet. Formed in August 2023 and reorganized in October 2024, with 49 members, the Chairman and Vice Chairman are respectively held by President Tinubu and Vice President Shetema, with President Tinubu also serving as Minister of Petroleum Resources. The other members are: Hannatu Musawa, Minister of Arts, Culture and Creative Economy; Muhammed Badaru Abubakar, Minister of Defense; Tunji Alausa, Minister of Education; Ahmed Dangiwa, Minister of Housing and Urban Development; Atiku Bagudu, Minister of Budget and Economic Planning; Balarabe Lawal, Minister of Environment; Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, Minister of the Federal Capital Region; Joseph Utsev, Minister of Water Resources and Public Health v) Minister of Agriculture and Food Security Abubakar Kyari, Minister of Interior Olubunmi Tunji Ojo, Foreign Minister Yusuf Maitama Tuggar, Coordinating Minister Ali Pate of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Police Affairs Minister Ibrahim Geidam, Steel Development Minister Shuaibu A. Audu, Information and National Propaganda Minister Mohammad Idris, Federal Attorney General and Minister of Justice Lateef Fagbemi, Labor and Employment Minister Muhammadu Maigari Dingyadi, Special Duties and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister Zaphaniah Jisalho o) Bosun Tijani, Minister of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy, Olawale Edun, Minister of Finance and Minister of Economic Coordination, Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Uche Nnaji, Minister of Ocean and Blue Economy Adegboyega Oyetola, Minister of Livestock Development Idi Maiha, Minister of Electricity Adebayo Adelabu, Minister of Solid Mineral Development Dele Alake, Minister of Transport Alkali Ahmed Said, Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment Jumoke Oduwole, Minister of Aerospace Development Festus Keyamo, Humanitarian Affairs Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Reduction Nentawe Yilwatda, Minister of Regional Development Abubakar Momoh, Minister of Engineering Dave Umahi, Minister of Youth Development Ayodele Olawande, Minister of Women's Affairs Imman Sulaiman Ibrahim, Minister of Natural Gas Resources Elperipe Ekpo, Minister of Petroleum Resources Heineken Lokpobili, Minister of Finance Doris Uzoka, Minister of Defense Bello Matawale, Minister of Foreign Affairs Bianca Odumegu Ojukwu, Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment Minister of State John Enoh, Minister of State for Education Suwaiba Ahmad, Yusuf Tanko Sununu, Minister of State for Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Reduction, Mahmoud Mariya, Minister of State for the Federal Capital Region, Bello Muhammad Goronyo, Minister of State for Water Resources and Public Health, Minister of State for Engineering, Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi, Minister of State for Agriculture and Food Security, Ishak Salako, Minister of State for Health, Yusuf Abdullahi Ata, Minister of State for Housing and Urban Development, and Uba Megali Ahmadou, Minister of State for Regional Development Uba Maigari Ahmad, State Minister of Labor and Employment Nkeiruka Onyejocha.

[Administrative divisions] Implement a federal system. Establish three levels of government: federal, state, and local. In October 1996, the administrative regions were reorganized, and the country was divided into one Federal Capital Territory, 36 states, and 774 local governments.

The federal government has the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and High Court, each state has a High Court, and local governments have local courts. The current Chief Justice Olukayode Ariwoola was sworn in in in June 2022.

The ban on political parties was lifted in June 1998. In February 2020, the Independent Electoral Commission of Nigeria cancelled the registration of 74 political parties that did not meet the eligibility criteria for elections. At present, the Communist Party of Nepal has 18 registered political parties, and the main political parties are as follows:

(1) All Progressive Congress (APC): The ruling party. In August 2013, it was officially registered with the Independent Electoral Commission of Nigeria and was formed by the merger of the main opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), and the All Nigerian People's Party (ANPP). On June 13, 2014, the party held its first national congress, with nearly 7000 party member representatives in attendance. The meeting elected members of the National Executive Committee and passed the Party Constitution. On March 26, 2022, the party held a national congress and elected Abdullahi Adamu as the new national president. In July 2023, Adamu resigned from his position as National President and Abubakar Kyari became Acting National President.

(2) People's Democratic Party (PDP): The opposition party. Established in August 1998, it has been in power for a long time. The party's goal is to maintain the unity, solidarity, and sovereignty of Nepal; Advocate for harmonious coexistence among all ethnic groups and the establishment of a free, equal, and just society; Promote and consolidate Nigeria's political, economic, and social independence. It has a significant impact in the northern, central, and southeastern regions of Nepal. Current Chairman: Iyorcia Ayu.

【 Important Person 】 Bora Tinub: President. Born on March 29, 1952 in Lagos State, of Yoruba ethnicity, practicing Islam. I have studied abroad at the University of Chicago in the United States and have worked at accounting firms such as Andersen, Deloitte, and Mobil Corporation. In 1992, he entered the Nepalese political arena and served as a senator and governor of Lagos state. Elected as President in March 2023 and inaugurated on May 29th.  

Kasim Shetema: Vice President. Born on September 2, 1966 in Borno State, belonging to the Hausa Fulani ethnic group and practicing Islam. Bachelor's degree in Agricultural Economics. Formerly served as a university lecturer and has held positions in multiple banks. In 2007, he entered politics and served as a government commissioner, governor, and senator in Borno state. Elected Vice President in March 2023 and inaugurated on May 29th.

Economy was originally an agricultural country. Since the 1970s, it has become the largest oil producing country in Africa. In 1992, it was listed as a low-income country by the International Monetary Fund. Since 1995, the government has been restructuring the economy and has achieved certain results. Currently, it is the largest economy in Africa and ranked 28th globally in terms of total economic output in 2022. The petroleum industry is a pillar industry, while other industries are lagging behind in development. Food cannot be self-sufficient and infrastructure is outdated. In response to the COVID-19, Nigeria issued the 2020 Economic Sustainable Development Plan and implemented measures such as adjusting monetary policy and reducing unnecessary expenditures. In September 2020, Nigeria announced the implementation of the 2050 Nigeria Agenda and Medium Term National Development Plan (MTDDP), which aims to lift 100 million people out of poverty within the next 10 years. After President Tinubu took office in May 2023, policies such as the cancellation of government fuel subsidies and the implementation of a unified exchange rate were announced, leading to an increase in prices and currency depreciation of refined oil products in Nepal.

The main economic figures for 2023 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product: 374.9 billion US dollars.

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 1690 US dollars.

Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate: 2.9%.

Currency name: Naira.

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 1530 naira.

Inflation rate: 24.7%.

(Source: International Monetary Fund)

【 Resources 】 Abundant resources. More than 30 types of mineral deposits have been discovered. Mainly including oil, natural gas, tin, coal, limestone, etc. The proven oil reserves are 37.2 billion barrels, ranking second in Africa and eleventh in the world. The proven natural gas reserves reach 5.3 trillion cubic meters, ranking first in Africa and eighth in the world. The coal reserves are about 2.75 billion tons, making it the only coal producing country in West Africa. The forest coverage rate is 17%.

The petroleum industry is the backbone of the national economy. In 2022, 43% of the federal government's fiscal revenue and 12.9% of its gross domestic product will come from the oil industry. In December 2022, Nigeria's daily crude oil production rebounded to 1.35 million barrels, the highest point in 8 months. Due to the low domestic refining capacity, about 85% of domestic refined oil consumption relies on imports. In May 2023, the Dangote Refinery in Nigeria was put into operation, with a designed processing capacity of 650000 barrels of crude oil per day, making it the world's largest single unit refinery. The current installed power capacity is 12.5 million kilowatts, which is less than 40% of households have electricity. There are three steel mills in the country with an annual output of only over 10000 tons. The textile, vehicle assembly, wood processing, cement, beverage, and food processing industries are mostly concentrated in Lagos and its surrounding areas. The development level of the manufacturing industry is low, and most industrial products still rely on imports.

In the early days of independence, many agricultural products such as cotton and peanuts held a leading position in the world. With the rise of the petroleum industry, agriculture rapidly shrank and production decreased significantly. In recent years, with the Nepalese government increasing investment in agriculture, crop yields have rebounded, with an average annual growth rate of over 7%. In 2021, agriculture accounted for about 24% of the gross domestic product. 70% of the population in the country is engaged in agricultural production. There are 68 million hectares of arable land and 34 million hectares of arable land. The main agricultural production areas are concentrated in the northern regions. The annual output of cassava is 40 million tons, ranking first in the world. Rice, flour and other grains cannot be self-sufficient, and 2 million tons of the annual consumption of 5 million tons of rice rely on imports. From 2014 to 2018, Nepal's agricultural sector attracted a total of 7.9 billion US dollars in foreign investment, mainly invested in fertilizer, seeds, poultry industry, palm oil, rice production and other fields. The "Economic Recovery and Growth Plan" released in 2017 proposed to strive for agricultural development and food security, increase investment in agriculture, and achieve self-sufficiency in wheat in the 2019/2020 fiscal year. In the first quarter of 2022, the capital imports of Nepal's agricultural sector decreased from $237.83 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 to $1.76 million, a decrease of 99.23%.

The tourism industry is rich in tourism resources. The main tourist attractions include: Osobo Divine Forest in Osun State, Sukulu Cultural Heritage in Adamawa State, waterfalls in Kwara and Plateau States, Chad Lake Monastery in Borno State, Grand Ranch in Cross River State, Ogudou Lake in Imo State, hot springs in Ondo State, and Yangkari Wildlife Park in Bauchi State.

Transportation: Road transportation is the main mode of transportation, supplemented by waterway and railway transportation. Transportation is relatively tight.

Railway: A single track line with a total length of 3557 kilometers and a unified national gauge of 1.067 meters. Due to long-term disrepair, the operational capacity is low. The Nepal National Railway Company has 268 stations in 15 states. In 2006, the passenger volume was 3 million, and 70% of the locomotives in the country needed repairs and updates. In August 2006, the Nepalese government announced that it would take 25 years to complete the modernization of railways, with plans to build 6000 kilometers of new railways by 2043. Among them, the railway modernization project is planned to start from Lagos City in the south, pass through the capital Abuja, and reach the northern town of Kano City in the north, with a total length of 1315 kilometers, all of which will be standard gauge. After construction, it will run through the main north-south trade channel. In July 2016, the first phase of the project from Abuja to Kaduna was put into operation, with a total length of 186.5 kilometers. In June 2021, the second phase of the project from Lagos to Ibadan was put into operation, with a total length of 156 kilometers. In July 2018, the first phase of the Abuja City Railway was put into operation, with a total length of 45 kilometers. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of Nepal, in 2022, the railway transportation industry in Nepal had a turnover of 4.96 billion naira, transported 3.2129 million passengers, and transported 118500 tons of goods.

Roads: 194394 km in total, including 32980 km of the first level main roads built by the federal government, 31040 km of the second-class highway built by the state government, and 129980 km of the third level simple roads built by the local government. Third-class highway has basically formed a transportation network connecting the capital Abuja and state capitals, with a utilization rate of more than 90%. Road transportation accounts for 93% of domestic freight volume and 96% of passenger volume, respectively.

Water transportation: The total length of inland waterway routes is 3000 kilometers, and the main rivers responsible for inland waterway transportation are the Benue River and the Niger River. There are 9 major ports in the country, including Laki Deepwater Port, Apapa Port, Tinkan Port, Koko Port, Wali Port, Harkot Port, Calabar Port, and Sapail Port in Lagos. Lagos Port (including Apapa Port and Tincan Port) is the largest and busiest port in West Africa, responsible for about 70% of Nigeria's import and export cargo transportation. In January 2023, Lagos Laki Deepwater Port will be put into operation. The port has a water depth of 16 meters and is expected to have an annual throughput capacity of 1.2 million TEUs, making it the largest deep-water port in West Africa. In 2018, the total cargo throughput of Nepal Port was 186 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 30.24%.

Air freight: Nigeria's state-owned airline had opened multiple domestic and international routes, but due to poor management and severe losses, it was privatized by the Nigerian government in 2005. At present, the main force in the aviation industry is Aero Contractors, Private airlines such as Arik Air, Air Peace, Azman Air, Dana Air, First Nation, Med View, and Overland mainly operate domestic routes and a small number of international routes. There are 24 foreign airlines operating in Nepal, including Air France, British Airways, Lufthansa, etc., and international routes are basically monopolized by these companies. There are 37 airports in the country, mainly located in the Federal Capital Territory and state capitals, including 5 international airports in Lagos, Abuja, Kano, Port Harkot, and Calabar. Nepal has signed aviation agreements with 65 international airlines. In 2021, there were approximately 253000 takeoffs and landings at Nepal Airport, transporting 15.8 million passengers. In July 2022, Air Peace Nigeria launched direct flights from Lagos to Guangzhou.

Pipeline transportation: There is a 5000 kilometer long oil pipeline that connects various refineries with some ports, oil wells, and storage tanks.

Nepal's fiscal revenue mainly relies on oil exports and taxes. Nepal is a regional financial and commercial center, with the largest stock exchange in West Africa, and 44 out of the top 50 companies in West Africa are from Nepal. Since mid-2014, with the decline in international oil prices, Nepal's economy has been greatly impacted and fiscal revenue has decreased. In 2017, international oil prices rebounded and the Nepalese government's fiscal revenue increased. In November 2019, President Buhari signed the Amendment to the Deep Sea and Inland Basin Oil Production Sharing Contracts Act, which is expected to increase the government's fiscal revenue by $1.4 billion annually. In August 2021, Nepalese President Buhari signed the Petroleum Industry Act, which provides a legal, governance, regulatory, and fiscal framework for the country's petroleum industry. It is a major reform in the oil and gas sector in Nepal over the past decade, aimed at fundamentally changing the way Nepal shares oil resources with international oil companies and attracting new oil and gas investments. In 2020, the total revenue of the federal government fiscal year was 3.94 trillion naira, of which oil accounted for 38.6%, non oil taxes accounted for 32.5%, corporate income tax accounted for 17.1%, and value-added tax accounted for 4.9%. As of September 2023, Nepal's foreign exchange reserves are $35.02 billion and its external debt is $42.1 billion, mainly from multilateral institutions such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank.

The main export products of foreign trade are petroleum, cocoa, rubber, and palm kernels, while the main imported products are machinery and equipment, transportation facilities, and consumer goods. In 2022, the foreign trade volume was 113.3 billion US dollars, and the export volume was 56.6 billion US dollars, with the vast majority being oil export revenue; The import value is 56.7 billion US dollars. The main exporting countries are India, Spain, France, and the Netherlands, while the main importing countries are China, the Netherlands, India, Belgium, and others. In January 2017, Nepal officially signed the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), becoming the 107th country in the World Trade Organization to formally accept the agreement. In August 2018, Nepal joined the International Cocoa Agreement. In July 2019, Nigeria signed the African Continental Free Trade Agreement.

The main donor countries and international organizations for foreign aid include the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the United Nations, the European Union, and the World Bank. In April 2006, Nepal repaid a total of $4.5 billion in debt to the Paris Club and received $9 billion in debt relief. Nepal no longer owes Paris Club debt. In February 2018, the United Nations launched the 2018 humanitarian plan in northeastern Nepal, with aid funds reaching 1.05 billion US dollars. The World Bank has 30 projects in Nepal with a total investment of approximately 10 billion US dollars. The EU Ambassador to Nepal has promised that the EU will provide 150 million euros in aid to improve Nepal's electricity supply. In April 2020, the European Union announced that it would provide 50 million euros to support the United Nations project to combat the COVID-19 in Nigeria. In December, the World Bank approved a $1.5 billion loan package for Nigeria to support its post pandemic economic recovery. In March 2021, the Nigerian federal government received 4.02 million doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine through the Vaccine Assistance Implementation Program (Covax). In August, the United States donated 4.08 million doses of Moderna vaccine to Nepal. In November 2021, during his visit to Nigeria, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken signed an agreement with Nigeria on assistance for development goals in the next five years, promising to provide $2.17 billion in economic assistance to Nigeria. In December 2021, the World Bank approved a loan of $700 million for Nepal's semi-arid landscape agricultural climate resilience project. In June 2023, the World Bank approved financing of $450 million and $300 million respectively through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association for electricity related projects in Nepal.

Foreign capital mainly invests in the oil, banking, manufacturing, and construction industries. The main investment sources are the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. According to the World Economic Forum's 2020 Global Competitiveness Report, Nepal ranks 116th out of 141 countries and regions worldwide. According to the World Bank's 2020 Doing Business Report, Nigeria ranks 131st in the global business environment among 190 economies, up 15 places from the previous year. Nepal attracted $4.85 billion in foreign investment in 2021, doubling year-on-year.

According to the Human Development Index released by the United Nations Development Programme's 2022 Human Development Report, Nigeria ranks 163rd in terms of people's livelihoods. In recent years, poverty has become increasingly serious in Nigeria. According to the 2018 Nigeria Economic Outlook of the African Development Bank, about 152 million Nigerians live on less than $2 a day, accounting for 80% of the national population. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of Nepal, the number of unemployed people has reached 33.3%, ranking second in the world, only behind Namibia. The highest unemployment rate is among young people aged 24 to 35, with 750000 unemployed individuals, accounting for 37% of this group in the labor market. In March 2019, the Nepalese Senate passed a bill to raise the national minimum monthly wage standard to 30000 naira. Poor medical conditions. There are about 20000 doctors and 100000 hospital beds nationwide, with a patient to doctor ratio of 4400:1. As of December 2018, the number of people infected with AIDS in Nigeria exceeded 4.1 million, ranking second in the world, of which less than 500000 were treated. Malaria accounts for 25% of the world's cases and 19% of the world's deaths. AIDS infection rate was 3.17%. The average life expectancy is 55 years, ranking third from the bottom in the world. The population growth rate in Nepal is 2.7%, and there are currently approximately 150 million mobile phone users; There are about 100 million Internet users, ranking first in Africa.

The military adheres to a strategic policy of combining deterrence with defense. Since 1985, the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces has been concurrently held by the Head of State. The armed forces consist of the army, navy, and air force, joint special task forces, militia, and reserve forces, with a total force of approximately 223000 people. Implement a voluntary military service system and recruit once a year. July 6th and January 15th are Army Day and Martyrs' Day respectively.

The Nepalese police force has a strength of about 300000 people, with one police headquarters, 12 regional commands, 37 state commands (including the Federal Capital Region), 132 regional commands, 1130 district commands, 1600 police stations, 2224 police stations, 1591 village police stations, and 11 police schools. The police headquarters is led by the Chief of Police, while the regional headquarters are each led by an Assistant Chief.

As early as over two thousand years ago, there was a relatively developed culture. The famous Nok, Ife, and Beninese cultures have earned Nepal the reputation of being the "cradle of black non culture". After independence, modern art, folk literature, music, dance, painting, and other fields in Nepal developed rapidly, giving rise to a group of famous novelists, playwrights, poets, and performing artists. In 1977, Nepal hosted the second World Black and African Arts and Culture Festival. In 1986, the renowned novelist, poet, and playwright Val Soyinka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the first sub Saharan African writer to receive this honor. In 2009, data released by UNESCO showed that Nigeria's film production surpassed "Hollywood" and became the world's second largest film producing country after India, earning the Nigerian film industry the nickname "Nilywood". In 2013, the average weekly production of movies in "Nollywood" was 50, and the entertainment industry dominated by it accounted for 1.4% of Nigeria's gross domestic product.

Primary education has been free since 1976 and has been charged since 1985. In September 1999, the Nepalese government introduced the National Basic Education Plan to restore free and compulsory primary education. In 2004, the Free and Universal Basic Compulsory Education Act was promulgated, implementing a 9-year compulsory education system. The educational system consists of 6 years of primary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of high school, and 4 years of university. As of 2021, there are over 100 universities in China, including renowned universities such as Ahmed Bello University, Lagos University, Ibadan University, University of Nigeria, and Ifei University; There are nearly 100 technical colleges, 26826 regular high schools, 34698 junior high schools, and 124314 primary schools. Most schools have outdated teaching facilities and insufficient teaching staff. The national illiteracy rate is 40%. According to UNICEF data, there were approximately 10.5 million out of school children in Nepal in 2021, with a school dropout rate of about 33% for eligible children, the highest in the world.

The news and publishing industry is relatively developed. There are hundreds of various journals and magazines nationwide, over 20 newspapers, and nearly a hundred radio and television stations. The federal and state governments have news departments responsible for propaganda affairs. The main newspapers include: Today's Daily, The Guardian, The Daily News, The New Nigerian, The Daily Times, The Critic, The Vanguard, etc.

News Agency: The Nigerian News Agency (NAN) is the official news agency established in October 1978. There are 300 journalists dispatched to 36 states in China, with branch offices and resident journalists stationed in 6 countries. News exchange or sales agreements have been signed with more than ten news agencies, including Xinhua News Agency, Reuters, Agence France Presse, TASS, and Associated Press. The work of the West African Regional Branch of the Pan African News Agency is also undertaken by the Nepal News Agency.

Radio Station: Federal Radio Nigeria (FRCN): Formerly known as the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, it changed its name to its current name in 1990 and is under the leadership of the Federal Government's Ministry of Information and Communications. Mainly responsible for internal broadcasting, using English as the language. Each state in the country has its own radio station, using the local language or English. Voice of Nigeria (VON), formerly known as the External Broadcasting Department of the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, officially separated from the company in 1990 and changed its name to its current name. Its main responsibility is to broadcast daily in eight languages including English, French, Swahili, Hausa, and Arabic.

Television Station: The National Television of Nigeria (NTA) was established in 1962 and is led by the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications. Headquartered in Abuja. The country is divided into six television zones. There are two programs with an average daily broadcast time of 15 hours. Each state has television stations that transmit national television programs via satellite. At present, there are a total of 45 television stations in Nepal, of which 13 are private cable television and satellite relay stations. Some state television stations are still black and white.

African sports powerhouse, football is very popular. In the past decade, the Nepalese youth football team has won the World Youth Football Championship three times. The Nepalese national football team won the 1996 Atlanta Olympics championship, the 2000 Africa Cup runner up, the 2002, 2004, and 2006 Africa Cup bronze medals, the 2008 Beijing Olympics runner up, the 2013 Africa Cup championship, the 2016 Rio Olympics bronze medal, the 2019 Africa Cup bronze medal, and the 2024 Africa Cup bronze medal. The national women's football team has won 10 championships in the 12 editions of the African Cup Women's Football Tournament held so far. In addition, there are certain advantages in athletics, weightlifting and other events. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Nigeria won two medals, one silver and one bronze, in wrestling and athletics. Nigeria sent an athlete to participate in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. At the 2024 Paris Olympics, Nigeria sent 82 athletes to participate.

We adhere to a foreign policy of broad cooperation, active participation in international affairs, and promotion of peace and cooperation. Long term implementation of a diplomatic strategy centered on Africa, striving to leverage the role of regional powers. Actively advocating for South South cooperation and North South dialogue. Emphasize the development of relations with the West and major developing countries. Attention was paid to protecting the interests of overseas Chinese. During the COVID-19 and after the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis and the armed conflict in Sudan, overseas Chinese evacuation operations were arranged many times. Actively participate in UN affairs and participate in UN peacekeeping operations. We have established diplomatic relations with over 100 countries and have set up 105 diplomatic missions abroad. It is a member of international organizations such as the United Nations, the Non Aligned Movement, the Group of 77, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the African Union, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). From June 2019 to September 2020, Nigeria's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Tijani Mohamed Bandi, served as the President of the 74th United Nations General Assembly. On February 15, 2021, Nigerian candidate and former Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo Ivira was elected as the Director General of the World Trade Organization. In July 2023, President Tinubu was elected as the rotating chairman of the Western Community and was re elected for a one-year term in July 2024.

After establishing diplomatic relations with the United States in 1960, the two countries had close relations. In the 1990s, the United States imposed sanctions on Nepal for the Abacha military government's annulment of election results and the execution of human rights activist Saro Wiwa. After the elected government of Obasanjo came to power, the relationship between the two countries quickly improved. In February 2018, the United States Agency for International Development announced a new grant of $89 million, bringing the total assistance provided by the US government under the five-year development goal aid agreement to $808.5 million. In April 2018, President Buhari visited the United States. In September, President Buhari went to New York to attend the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, during which he met with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. In November, US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Najib visited Nepal. In June 2019, Vice President Osinbajo visited the United States and met with Vice President Pence. In February 2020, Foreign Minister Onama visited the United States and attended a bilateral committee meeting between the two countries. In April, President Buhari was invited to make a regular phone call with President Trand of the United States on the COVID-19. In September, Foreign Minister Onyama was invited to have a phone call with US Secretary of State Pompeo. In November, President Buhari tweeted congratulations to Biden on his election as the President of the United States. In April 2021, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken "visited" Nigeria online and met with President Buhari via video. In November, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited Nigeria. President Buhari met with him. Vice President Osinbacho and Foreign Minister Onyama held talks with him respectively. In September 2022, Vice President Osinbajo visited the United States and met with Vice President Harris and U.S. Climate Ambassador Kerry. In the same month, President Buhari went to the United States to attend the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly. In December, President Buhari went to the United States to attend the US Africa Leaders' Summit and met with US President Biden. In September 2023, President Tinubu will attend the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly in the United States. In January 2024, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken will visit Nigeria, President Tinoub will meet with him, and Foreign Minister Tugar will talk with him.

After independence, the two countries had close relations, with the UK being Nigeria's largest investor. There are about one million overseas Chinese in the UK. In the 1990s, Britain imposed sanctions on the Nepalese military regime and pushed for the suspension of Nepal's membership in the Commonwealth. After Obama was elected president, the two countries resumed cooperation. Queen Elizabeth II, Prime Minister Blair, and Cameron have all visited Nepal. In May and July 2018, President Buhari went on medical leave to the UK. In August, British Prime Minister May visited Nepal. In November, Prince Charles of Wales visited Nepal. In March 2019, British Foreign Secretary Hunt visited Nepal. In November, President Buhari visited the UK privately. In January 2020, President Buhari went to the UK to attend the first UK Africa Investment Summit and met with UK Prime Minister Johnson. In August 2021, President Buhari went to the UK to attend the Global Education Summit. In September 2022, Vice President Osinbajo went to the UK to attend the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. In November, President Buhari met with King Charles III during his routine medical examination in the UK.

During the Abacha military government, France suspended economic aid and military cooperation with Nepal. In 1999 and 2000, President Chirac and President Obasanjo exchanged visits. In April 2016, French Defense Minister Le Drian visited Nepal. In May, French President Hollande visited Nepal and attended the second Regional Security Summit. In December 2017, President Buhari went to France to attend the "One Earth" summit. In July 2018, French President Macron visited Nepal. In November, President Buhari went to France to attend the first Paris Peace Forum. In April 2021, French Foreign Trade Minister Rist visited Nice. In May, President Buhari went to France to attend the African Economic Community Financing Summit and held talks with French President Macron. In June 2023, President Tinubu will attend the New Global Financing Compact Summit in France.

In 1961, Nepal established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed cooperation agreements on military trade, economy, culture, and education. After the Obama administration took office, bilateral exchanges and cooperation increased. In March 2001, President Obasanjo paid an official visit to Russia and the two sides signed a "Joint Statement on Friendship and Partnership", deciding to strengthen cooperation between the two countries in military technology and trade. In June 2009, Russian President Medvedev visited Nepal. In 2003, Russia launched the first artificial satellite for Nepal. In 2011, Russia launched the second Earth exploration satellite and another experimental satellite for Nepal. In May 2017, Foreign Minister Onyama paid a working visit to Russia. In November 2018, Nepal and Russia signed a bilateral criminal judicial assistance treaty. In October 2019, President Buhari went to Russia to attend the Russia Africa Summit and held a meeting with Russian President Putin. In July 2023, Vice President Shetema went to Russia to attend the second Russia Africa Summit. In March 2024, Foreign Minister Tugar visited Russia.

In June 1993, Germany participated in the economic sanctions imposed by the European Community on Nepal. After Nepal achieved the return of power to the people in 1999, the two countries resumed economic and trade cooperation. In December of the same year, President Obasanjo paid a state visit to Germany. In September 2015, President Buhari met with German Chancellor Merkel during the series of summits celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. In 2016, President Buhari visited Germany; German President Gauck and Foreign Minister Steinmeier visited Nepal successively; President Buhari also sent a letter of condolences to German Chancellor Merkel regarding the Munich shooting incident. In August 2018, German Chancellor Merkel visited Nepal. In April 2020, Germany donated 5.5 million euros to the Nigerian Humanitarian Fund to help Nigeria fight against the COVID-19. In September 2021, President Buhari had a phone call with German Chancellor Merkel. In October 2023, German Chancellor Schultz visited Nepal.

Nigeria has long supported the struggle of the South African people against the apartheid system. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1994. After the Nepalese military government executed human rights activist Saro Wiwa in 1995, South African President Mandela called for sanctions against Nepal. In 1999, the two countries established a bilateral cooperation committee to institutionalize the meeting between their vice presidents. In 2015, South African President Zuma attended the inauguration ceremony of President Buhari; President Buhari attends the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China Africa Cooperation in South Africa; Vice President Osinbajo visits South Africa. In March 2016, South African President Zuma visited Nepal. In July 2018, South African President Ramaphosa visited Nepal. In October 2019, President Buhari visited South Africa and met with South African President Ramaphosa. In December 2020, President Buhari met with the visiting South African Presidential Envoy and Minister of Mines, Resources and Energy, Mantashe. In November 2021, President Buhari went to South Africa to attend the opening ceremony of the second Africa Commodity Fair. In December, South African President Ramaphosa visited Nepal and the two countries held the 10th meeting of the bilateral cooperation committee. In August 2023, Vice President Shetema will attend the China Africa Leaders' Dialogue in South Africa.

In the 1990s, armed conflict broke out between the two countries over the Bakassi Peninsula located on their border, with the Nigerian army occupying most of the island. In October 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled that Cameroon had sovereignty over the island of Ba. Nigeria refuses to accept. Under the mediation of UN Secretary General Annan, the two heads of state of Nepal agreed to establish a follow-up action committee to implement the relevant rulings of the International Court of Justice. In August 2006, according to an agreement reached between the two sides, Nepal withdrew its troops from the Bakassi Peninsula. In August 2008, Nepal transferred the management of the Bakassi Peninsula to the Qatari side. In July 2011, the 28th meeting of the Nepal Nepal Mixed Commission was held in Nepal, which called for the completion of border demarcation between the two countries as soon as possible to resolve the remaining issues related to the dispute over the Bakassi Peninsula. In May 2012, the two countries announced plans to complete the border monument work within the year; In October, the Nepalese government officially announced its abandonment of appealing the International Court of Justice's ruling on the ownership of the peninsula to Cameroon. After taking office, President Buhari repeatedly reiterated his commitment to complying with the ruling of the International Court of Justice, recognizing the Bakassi Peninsula as part of the territory of Cameroon, and emphasized the need to accelerate the completion of the Nepal Nepal Nepal border demarcation work.

[Relations with neighboring countries and other African countries] Nigeria has close economic and trade relations with neighboring countries such as Benin, Chad, and Niger. However, in August 2019, the Nigerian government closed its land border ports with Niger and Benin to protect the development of its rice, textile, and other industries, which caused dissatisfaction among neighboring countries. At the end of 2020, Nigeria approved the reopening of land borders to Niger and Benin. There are disputes with countries such as Benin and Chad over territorial or maritime boundaries. Strive to play a leading role in African and sub regional affairs, actively mediating hot issues such as Liberia, Darfur in Sudan, Sierra Leone, and C ô te d'Ivoire. During his tenure as the rotating chair of the Western Community in 2009 and 2010, he promoted the intervention of the Community in the military coup in Guinea, the political crisis in Niger, and the electoral crisis in Cote d'Ivoire. In March 2011, Nigeria, as a non permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, voted in favor of the resolution to establish a no fly zone in Libya. In 2012, military coups occurred successively in Mali and Guinea Bissau, and Nigeria participated in the peacekeeping operations dispatched by the Western Community to Guinea Bissau and Mali. In 2018, President Buhari visited Morocco, attended the African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, attended the 61st anniversary of Ghana's independence event in Accra, attended the 31st African Union Summit in Mauritania, attended the 53rd Western Community Summit in Lom é and was elected as the rotating chairman of the Western Community, and attended the 60th anniversary celebration of Nigeria's independence in Niger; Vice President Osinbajo attended the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos and went to Lom é to attend the special summit of leaders of the Western Community countries; Gambian President Barrow, Equatorial Guinea President Obiang, Liberia President Weah, Sierra Leone President Bio, Togo President Faure, African Union Commission Chairperson Faki, Guinea Bissau President Vass and others visited Nigeria respectively. In 2019, President Buhari attended the 32nd African Union Summit in Ethiopia, multilateral summits in Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Burkina Faso, and the inauguration ceremony of President Sall in Senegal. Vice President Osinbajo visits Germany and the United States. Ghanaian President Akufo Addo visited Nigeria, and heads of state or government from Chad, Mauritania, Rwanda, Liberia, Congo (Brazzaville), Ghana, Zimbabwe, Senegal, Gambia, Niger, and Uganda were invited to attend Nigeria's first "Democracy Day" celebration. In April 2020, President Buhari attended a special video conference of the heads of state and government of the Western Community. In 2020, President Buhari went to Ethiopia to attend the 33rd African Union Summit, attended the special meeting of ECOWAS countries on COVID-19, the high-level meeting of the United Nations on "COVID-19 and financing for development", the meeting of the Union of Five Countries on International Affairs in the Sahel, and other multilateral meetings by video. President Saleh of Senegal, President Ngalo of Guinea Bissau, President Akufo Addo of Ghana, President Kabore of Burkina Faso, and President Barro of Gambia visited Nigeria. In 2021, President Buhari attended the 58th Summit of the Western Community and the 34th Summit of the African Union via video conferencing, went to Ghana to attend the 59th Summit of the Community, visited Nigeria by Benin's President Talon, Niger's newly elected President Bazoum, Guinea Bissau's President Ndulo, Chad's Chairman of the Military Transitional Council Mohammed, Zambia's Presidential Envoy Tangala, and others. In 2022, President Buhari attended the 35th African Union Summit in Ethiopia, the 50th anniversary commemoration of the United Nations Environment Programme in Kenya, the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Cote d'Ivoire, the African Union Industrialization and Economic Diversification Summit in Niger, received visiting Ethiopian President Ahmed, and attended the African Union Special Humanitarian Summit in Equatorial Guinea. In 2023, President Tinubu will attend the African Union Mid Year Coordination Meeting in Kenya, attend the 63rd Western Community Summit in Guinea Bissau, and preside over the convening of the Western Community Special Summit on Niger. In 2024, President Tinubu will attend the 37th African Union Summit in Ethiopia.