Peru Passport

[Country Name] Republic of Peru (Rep ú blica del Per ú).

【 Area 】 1285216 square kilometers, ranking fourth in Latin America.

【 Population 】 33.726 million (2023). Among them, Native Americans account for 45%, Indo European mixed race people account for 37%, white people account for 15%, and other races account for 3%. The official language is Spanish, with Quechua, Aymara, and over 30 other indigenous languages commonly spoken in some regions. 76% of residents believe in Catholicism.

Lima, the capital, has a population of 11.51 million in 2023. The annual average temperature is 18.7 ℃.

Head of State: President Dina BOLUARTE, inaugurated on December 7, 2022.

Independence Day: July 28th.

【 Overview 】 Located in western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Chile to the south, Bolivia to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The coastline is 2254 kilometers long. The entire region is divided into tropical desert, plateau, and tropical rainforest climates from west to east. The annual average temperature is 12 ℃~32 ℃ in the western region, 1 ℃~14 ℃ in the central region, and 24 ℃~35 ℃ in the eastern region.

In the 11th century AD, Native Americans established the Inca Empire in the highlands with Cusco as their capital. In the early 15th and 16th centuries, one of the three major ancient civilizations in the Americas was formed - the Inca civilization. In 1533, it became a Spanish colony. In 1544, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, becoming the center of Spanish colonial rule in South America. On July 28, 1821, independence was declared and the Republic of Peru was established. In 1835, Peru merged with Bolivia to form the Peru Bolivia Confederation, which dissolved in 1839. From 1879 to 1883, Bolivia and Chile joined forces in the "Pacific War" and secretly lost their territories. Afterwards, it suffered from long-term internal turmoil and external threats, and the military had been in power for many years. In May 1980, democratic elections were held to restore the civilian government. From 1990 to 2000, Fujimori (of Japanese descent), the leader of the "Reform 90" movement, served as president twice. He resigned and went into exile in Japan in November 2000. From 2001 to 2006, Toledo, the leader of the "Peru Feasible" party, served as president. From 2006 to 2011, Apra Party leader Garcia served as president. From 2011 to 2016, the chairman of the Nationalist Party, Humala, served as president. In June 2016, the candidate of the "Peruvian for Change" party, Kuczynski, was elected president. On March 21, 2018, Kuczynski resigned. On March 23rd, First Vice President Biscara Yixian took over as President. On November 9, 2020, Congress passed the impeachment case against Scala. On the 10th, Congressional President Merino was inaugurated as Acting President in accordance with the constitution. On the 15th, Merino resigned. On the 17th, the President of Congress, Sagasti, was sworn in as the Acting President. On July 20, 2021, Castillo, the candidate of the left-wing Free Peru Party, was elected president. On December 7, 2022, Congress passed the impeachment case against Castillo. On the same day, Vice President Borualt took over as President.

The Cabinet's policy agenda includes enhancing national cohesion, promoting dialogue among political forces, driving economic recovery, cracking down on corruption, maintaining social order, promoting infrastructure construction, improving medical and health conditions, and promoting regional development.

The current Constitution came into effect on December 31, 1993. The Constitution stipulates that the President may be re elected for one term and may be re elected after another term; Add a first and second vice president; The parliament has changed from a bicameral system to a unicameral system; Terrorists can be sentenced to death, etc. On November 2, 2000, the Congress of the Secretariat passed a constitutional amendment that stipulated that the President could not be re elected. On March 11, 2005, the Congress of the Secretariat passed another constitutional amendment, officially granting military and police personnel the right to vote.

The parliament, also known as the National Assembly, is a unicameral system consisting of 130 members. Members of parliament are elected for a term of 5 years and cannot be re elected. The Congress has two legislative cycles per year, during which the Standing Committee presides over its work. The term of office for each Congress is 5 years. On April 11, 2021, Peru held parliamentary elections, electing 130 members of parliament and 5 members of the Andean Parliament. In July 2023, Alejandro SOTO Reyes, a member of the "Progressive Alliance" party, was elected as the new President of the National Assembly, with a term until July 2024.

The current cabinet was established in March 2024, consisting of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and 18 ministers. It passed a vote of confidence in the parliament on April 4, 2024, and is the second cabinet under President Borualt. Chairman of the Council of Ministers Gustavo ADRIANZ É N, Minister of Foreign Affairs Javier GONZ Á LEZ-OLACEHEA, Minister of Defense Walter ASTUDILLO, Minister of Economy and Finance Jos é Arista, Minister of Interior Juan Jos é SANTIV Á NEZ, Minister of Justice and Human Rights Eduardo ARANA, Minister of Education Morgan QUERO, Minister of Health C é sarV Á SQUEZ, Minister of Agriculture Á ngel Manero, Minister of Irrigation, Daniel Maurete, Minister of Labor and Employment Promotion, Sergio Gonzalez, Minister of Production GONZALEZ, Minister of Foreign Trade and Tourism Elizabeth GALDO, Minister of Energy and Mines Romulo MUCHO, Minister of Transport and Communications Ra ú l REYES, Minister of Housing, Construction and Water Hania P É REZ DE CU É LLAR, Minister of Women and Vulnerable Groups Á ngela HERN Á NDEZ, Minister of Environment Juan Carlos Castro, Minister of Culture Leslie URTEAGA, Minister of Development and Social Integration Julio Julio DEMARTINI.

The country is divided into 26 first level administrative regions, including 24 provinces (regions), the Constitutional Province of Callao, and the Province of Lima (capital region).

The judiciary is divided into four levels: the Supreme Court, the High Court, the Court of First Instance, and the Mediation Court. Judges at all levels are appointed by the National Judicial Council (Junta Nacional de Justicia). The President of the Supreme Court is elected from among the Grand Justices and serves a term of 2 years. The current President of the Supreme Court, Javier Ar é valo.

The National Procuratorate is an independent institution, and the Prosecutor General is elected by the Supreme Procuratorate for a term of 3 years. He can be re elected once, but the second term shall not exceed 2 years. Juan Carlos Villena is the acting Attorney General of the country. The Audit Office is an independent institution, and the Director of Audit is nominated by the government and appointed by Congress for a term of 7 years. The current Director of National Audit, Nelson Eduardo Shack Yalta.

Political parties implement a multi-party system. The main political parties are:

Free Peru Party (PPNPL): Established in 2016. Advocate for a constitutional assembly composed of workers, social organizations, political parties, and constitutional experts to formulate a new constitution, abandon the neoliberal development model, establish a "people's market economy," strengthen government regulation of the economy, safeguard national energy and resource sovereignty, and rectify social order. Party Chairman Vladimir CERR Ó N.

(2) Fuerza Popular: In 2010, Keiko Fujimori (female) founded the "2011 Power" party to participate in the 2011 general election, which was later renamed the People Power Party. The political stance is center right. Advocate for equality and social justice, and promote balanced regional development. Advocate for the eradication of corruption, crack down on various criminal activities, and maintain social order. Party Chairman Keiko Fujimori. It is currently the largest party in the Congress of the Secretariat.

(3) The People's Action Party (Partido Acci ó n Popular) was founded in 1956 by Fernando BELA ú NDE and others on the basis of the original National Youth Democratic Front. The core political propositions are democracy, nationalism, and revolution. Internally advocating for the implementation of representative democracy and a mixed economy model; Emphasize the principles of independence and non alignment externally, and support Latin American integration. The party was in power from 1963 to 1968 and from 1980 to 1985, with the party's chairman, Bertrand, serving as president. Current Party Secretary Juan ABAD.

(4) Alianza para el Progreso: Established in 2015. Advocating humanism, decentralization, and strengthening democracy, achieving social equity through increased investment, building high-quality education and healthcare systems, and improving infrastructure.

(5) Avanza Pa í s: Established in 2000. Advocate for promoting reforms in education, production, transportation, ethics, and tourism, optimizing economic structure, and promoting social integration.

[Important figure] President Borualt. Born in May 1962 in the southwestern city of Chalwanca, Apurimac Region, Peru. Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Law from San Martin de Porres University in Peru. From 2007 to 2021, served as the Director of the Legal Office of the National Identity and Marriage Registration Bureau. Joined the predecessor of the Free Peru Party, the Liberal Party, in 2017. In 2021, Bo represented the Free Peru Party and partnered with Castillo to participate in the general election, and was elected as the First Vice President, concurrently serving as the Minister of Social Development and Integration. After the impeachment and resignation of Castillo by Congress on December 7th, Bo took over as president, becoming the first female president in the history of the Secret Service.

The economy of a traditional agricultural and mining country is at a moderate level among Latin American countries. In 2023, the gross domestic product will be 264.64 billion US dollars, with an economic growth rate of -0.68%, a poverty rate of 28.9%, and an inflation rate of 3.24%. As of July 2024, foreign exchange reserves amounted to 74.583 billion US dollars. (Information)

【 Resources 】 Rich in mining resources, with silver reserves ranking first in the world, and copper, lead, and molybdenum reserves all ranking among the top. It is the world's second largest producer of copper and zinc (2022). The forest area is 78 million hectares, with a forest coverage rate of 58%, second only to Brazil in South America. The fishery resources are abundant, and the fish meal production ranks among the top in the world. In 2022, the proven reserves of oil were 242 million barrels, and the proven reserves of liquefied natural gas were 389 million barrels. In 2021, copper reserves were 77 million tons and iron reserves were 1.16 billion tons.

Peru implements a free trade policy. The main exports include mineral products, petroleum, textiles, agricultural and fishery products, etc. In 2023, the total foreign trade volume was 113.05 billion US dollars, with exports of 64.355 billion US dollars and imports of 48.75 billion US dollars, representing year-on-year growth of -4.4%, 1.1%, and -10.8%. The total foreign trade volume from January to May 2024 was 46.882 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 5.5%.

The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The National Defense Commission is the highest military decision-making body, with the President serving as its chairman. The highest military command structure is the Joint Command of the Armed Forces, which is directly under the leadership of the President. Its members are the commanders of the three armed forces and take turns serving as the chairman. Current Joint Chiefs of Staff Commander David Guillermo OJEDA Parra, Army Commander C é sar Augusto BRICE ñO Valdivia, Navy Commander Luis Jos é POLAR Figari, Air Force Commander Carlos Enrique CH Á VEZ Cateriano, and National Police Commander Victor Jos é ZANABRIA Angulo. Peru implements a compulsory military system with a two-year service period.

The Peruvian government attaches great importance to the development of education. The current education system consists of 1 to 2 years of preschool education, 6 years of primary school, 6 years of secondary school, and 5 years of university education.

Most of the famous universities in the country are concentrated in the capital city of Lima. The most famous national university is the University of San Marcos (founded in 1551), which is also the oldest higher education institution in Latin America. The top five private universities are Catholic University, University of Lima, University of San Martin de Pires, University of Ricardo Palma, and University of the Pacific.

There are over 20 types of newspapers and publications across the country. There are mainly: Business Daily, with a circulation of about 280000 copies; Express, with a circulation of 150000 copies; The Republic Daily has a circulation of 150000 copies; Peruvian newspaper, with a circulation of 250000 copies; The Sun newspaper has a circulation of 30000 copies. The main political commentary journals include the weekly magazine "Masks" with a circulation of 35000 copies; Please Listen "and" Yes "were each distributed 10000 copies.

The Peruvian News Agency and the Andean News Agency are official news agencies.

There are a total of 1107 radio stations in the country, all of which are private except for one national radio station. The radio stations with significant influence include National Radio, Santa Rosa Radio, Peru Program Radio, Unity Radio, and United Radio.

There are a total of 90 television transmission and broadcasting stations nationwide, of which 7 have national broadcasting networks. Channel 7 is a national television station, while the rest are commercial television stations. The commercial television stations with significant influence include Latin Television (TV2), America Television (TV4), Pan American Television (TV5), Andes Television (TV9), OK Television (TV11), and Global Network Television (TV13).

Peru adheres to an independent foreign policy and emphasizes that diplomacy serves economic development. Advocate following international law, the United Nations Charter, and the norms of the Pan American system in international affairs, and maintaining international peace and security. Support United Nations reform and advocate for strengthening the authority of the United Nations. Actively developing relations with Latin American countries, supporting regional unity and integration, opposing regional arms races, and striving to expand relations with the European Union and Asia Pacific countries. We currently maintain diplomatic relations with over 130 countries.

Peru is a member of international and regional organizations such as the United Nations, the Non Aligned Movement, the Group of 77, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Organization of American States, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Union of South American Nations, the Andean Community of Nations, the Latin American Integration Association, the Latin American Economic System, the Amazon Cooperation Treaty, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific, the Pacific Union, and the South American Forum for Progress. In October 2015, Peru hosted the annual meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In November 2016, Peru hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Informal Meeting again after 2008. In April 2018, the 8th Summit of the Americas was held in Lima, the capital of Peru. In October 2022, we will host the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Organization of American States. The Secretariat will host the 2024 APEC Economic Leaders' Informal Meeting.