Sudan Passport

[Country Name] The Republic of the Sudan.

[Area] 1.88 million square kilometers.

The population is approximately 49.14 million (as of 2023). Arabic is the official language. General English. Most residents believe in Islam and belong to the Sunni sect.

【 Capital 】 Khartoum, with a population of 7 million (2022).

On August 20, 2019, the highest transitional authority, the Sovereign Council, was established, with Abdul Fattah al Burhan Abdulrahman serving as its chairman. After the restructuring of the sovereign council in November 2021, Bu served as the chairman again.

Independence Day (National Day): January 1st; National Salvation Revolution Day: June 30th; Army Day: August 14th.

【 Natural Geography 】 Located in northeastern Africa, on the west coast of the Red Sea. It borders Egypt to the north, Libya, Chad, and Central Africa to the west, South Sudan to the south, and Ethiopia and Eritrea to the east. The northeast is adjacent to the Red Sea, with a coastline of about 720 kilometers. The climate in Sudan varies greatly across the country, transitioning from a tropical desert climate to a tropical rainforest climate from north to south. The hottest season can reach temperatures of up to 50 ℃, with an average annual temperature of 21 ℃ nationwide. Long term drought, with an average annual rainfall of less than 100 millimeters. Sudan is located in an ecological transition zone and is highly susceptible to climate disasters such as droughts, floods, and desertification.

Sudan has a long history, with primitive tribes living as early as 4000 years ago. From 2800 BC to 1000 BC, it was a part of ancient Egypt. In 750 BC, the Nubians established the Kingdom of Kush in Sudan. In the 6th century AD, Sudan entered the Christian era. In the 13th century, the Arabs conquered Sudan and Islam rapidly spread, leading to the emergence of the Islamic kingdoms of Fengi and Fur in the 15th century. In the 16th century, Sudan was incorporated into the sphere of influence of the Ottoman Türkiye Empire. Britain began expanding into Sudan in the 1870s. In 1881, Sudanese religious leader Muhammad Ahmed led the masses in an anti British struggle and established the Mahdi Kingdom in 1885. In 1899, Sudan became a co administered country between Britain and Egypt. An autonomous government was established in 1953. On January 1, 1956, independence was declared and a republic was established. On May 25, 1969, the Nimeiri military coup came to power and changed the country's name to the Democratic Republic of Sudan. On April 6, 1985, Dahab staged a military coup and changed the country's name to the Republic of Sudan. In April 1986, Sudan held elections and Sadiq Mahdi became the Prime Minister. On June 30, 1989, Bashir staged a military coup and established the Revolutionary Command Committee for National Salvation (referred to as the Revolutionary Command Committee). In October 1993, the Revolutionary Alliance was dissolved and Bashir was appointed as president. In 2005, the North and South of Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and established the National Unity Government, with Bashir serving as president. In January 2011, Southern Sudan held an independence referendum, with 98.83% of voters supporting independence. On July 9th, the Republic of South Sudan became an independent state.

After Bashir came to power in June 1989, he dissolved the parliament, cabinet, and local government; Ban all political parties and cease the activities of all unofficial news organizations; Since 1991, Islamic law has been implemented nationwide (excluding some southern provinces), using the Quran and Hadith as guidelines for formulating political, economic, and social policies. In March 1996, Sudan held its first presidential and parliamentary elections, with Bashir elected president and former leader of the National Islamic Front, Turabi, elected speaker. In June 1998, the Soviet Union promulgated a new constitution that clearly stipulated principles such as freedom of speech, association, and political consultation, recognized religious equality and freedom of belief, and established an independent, open, and non-interference foreign policy in the internal affairs of other countries. At the end of the same year, the government formulated and passed the Political Association Organization Law, and about 30 political parties registered as legal political parties. At the end of 1999, President Bashir announced the dissolution of parliament, and Turabi subsequently announced his withdrawal from the ruling National Congress Party and formed the opposition People's Congress Party.

After 2004, Sudan pursued a policy of national reconciliation and actively sought reconciliation and dialogue with northern opposition groups, as well as peace talks with southern anti-government armed groups. With the direct participation of the United States and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IPCC) in East Africa, the peace negotiations between the Soviet government and the southern rebel group, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), made positive progress, and the two sides signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Nairobi on January 9, 2005. Thus, the 22 year long Sudanese civil war has come to an end. Sudan entered a six-year transition period starting from July 9th, during which the North and South will jointly govern. Bashir will continue to serve as president, and SPLM Chairman Galang will assume the position of first vice president of Sudan (after his death in a plane crash on July 31st, his deputy Kiir will succeed him). In September, the National Unity Government was established. In October, an autonomous government led by the SPLM was established in the south, with Kiel serving as its chairman.

In April 2010, Sudan held national elections. Bashir and the Chairman of the Southern Autonomous Government, Kiir, were re elected. In January 2011, Southern Sudan held a referendum on the issue of independence. On February 7th, the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission announced the final results of the referendum, with 98.83% of eligible voters choosing separation and 1.17% choosing unity. On July 9th, the Republic of South Sudan gained independence and was recognized by Sudan. In April 2015, the Soviet Union held a general election, and Bashir was successfully re elected with 94.05% of the vote, securing his fourth term as president. In March and August 2016, the Sudanese government and major opposition and armed groups signed the "Roadmap" agreement proposed by the African Union aimed at achieving domestic peace and stability. In April, the Darfur region successfully held an administrative status referendum, maintaining the administrative division of the current five states in Darfur. In December 2018, Sudan continued to experience large-scale demonstrations and marches. In February 2019, President Bashir declared a national state of emergency. In April, the military removed President Bashir from office and established a Military Transitional Council to take over the government. In July, the military and the opposition "Forces for Freedom and Change" reached a consensus on jointly carrying out political transition and power distribution. In August, the highest transitional authority, the Sovereign Council, was established, with Burhan, the former chairman of the Military Transitional Council, serving as its chairman. In September, the transitional government of the Soviet Union was established. In October 2020, the Transitional Government of Sudan and the main opposition armed alliance, the Sudan Revolutionary Front, officially signed a comprehensive peace agreement in the capital of South Sudan, Juba.

On October 25, 2021, the Sudanese military detained opposition party officials including Prime Minister Hamduk of the Transitional Government and dissolved the political transitional authority. On October 27th, Hamduk was released. On November 1st, the military announced the establishment of a new sovereignty committee, with Burhan continuing to serve as its chairman. On November 21st, Burhan and Hamduk signed a political agreement to restore the position of Prime Minister of Kazakhstan and form a technocratic government. On January 2, 2022, Hamduk failed to form a government and announced his resignation. On January 20th, Burhan appointed 15 ministers including the Foreign Minister, while the positions of Prime Minister and some ministers are temporarily vacant. In April, the United Nations, the African Union, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development established a tripartite mechanism to promote dialogue within the Soviet Union. In May, Burhan announced the lifting of the national state of emergency. In June, the Sudanese military engaged in direct dialogue with relevant political parties under a tripartite mechanism. In July, the Sudanese military announced its withdrawal from the trilateral mechanism for dialogue. In December, the Sudanese military signed a Framework Political Agreement with some opposition parties. In January 2023, all parties in Sudan initiated negotiations on the pending issues of a framework political agreement. In April, armed conflicts erupted between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Force in the capital Khartoum, Darfur region, and other areas. In May, with the push of Saudi Arabia and the United States, the two sides of the conflict in the Soviet Union held negotiations in Jeddah and signed the Jeddah Declaration and ceasefire agreement, but they were not effectively implemented, and the two sides continued to exchange fire in many parts of the country. In December, the rapid support forces captured the capital of Jezira state in central Soviet Union, Medani. Since 2024, both sides have continued to engage in firefights in the capital city of Khartoum, as well as in the western and southern regions.

The first constitution was implemented in April 1973 and abolished in April 1985. The transitional constitution was promulgated in October of the same year and abolished on June 30, 1989. On June 30, 1998, Sudan promulgated and implemented a new constitution, which stipulated that Sudan is a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multi religious country, and the country implements a non centralized system based on a federal system; The President is the highest representative of national sovereignty, the supreme commander of the military, and has the highest decision-making power in legislation, judiciary, and administration. He is elected by the people for a term of 5 years and can be re elected for one consecutive term; Parliament is the legislative body; Judicial independence; Establish the principles of freedom of speech, association, and political consultation; Freedom of religious belief, equal coexistence of all religions, and equal rights and obligations for citizens from both the north and south. In April 2002, the National Congress Party Consultative Conference made a decision on constitutional amendment, abolishing the provision of two presidential terms and allowing for re-election. In July 2005, President Bashir signed the transitional constitution for the establishment of the Sudanese National Unity Government. The transition period is 6 years, during which Sudan will maintain unity, implement "one country, two systems", and establish two sets of legislative systems for the north and south. An autonomous government is established in the south, while the north maintains government institutions based on Islamic law. After the transition period, the south can exercise its right to national self-determination. After the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Sudan adopted a transitional constitution and studied the development of a new constitution. In April 2019, the military announced the removal of President Bashir from office, established a Military Transitional Council to take over the government, and suspended the constitution.

According to the Constitution promulgated and implemented in 1998, the National Assembly is the legislative body of Sudan. 75% of its members are directly elected, 25% are indirectly elected by associations and organizations, and the Speaker is elected by the first National Assembly. The term of office for each parliament is four years. In April 2019, the Sudan Military Transitional Council took over the government and dissolved the parliament.

In April 2019, the Sudanese Military Transitional Council took over the government and dissolved the original government. In August, Abdullah Hamduk was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Transitional Government. In September, Hamduk announced the list of transitional government ministers and the transitional government was established. In July 2020 and February 2021, the transitional government of the Soviet Union underwent two reorganizations. In January 2022, the Chairman of the Soviet Sovereignty Council, Burhan, appointed 15 ministers including Foreign Minister Ali Sadiq. The positions of Prime Minister and some ministers remain vacant to this day. In November 2023, the Chairman of the Soviet Sovereignty Council, Burhan, replaced several ministers including the Interior and Justice. In April 2024, the Soviet Cabinet issued a decision appointing Hussein Awad as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 【 Government Website 】 Sudanese Government Website: www．sudan．gov．sd， Sudanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs: www．mfa．gov．sd

[Administrative divisions] There are a total of 18 states in the country, including Khartoum State, Northern State, Nile State, Red Sea State, Kassala State, Gadarif State, Jezira State, Sennar State, White Nile State, Blue Nile State, Northern Korfan State, Southern Korfan State, Western Darfur State, Southern Darfur State, Central Darfur State, and Eastern Darfur State.

The National High Judicial Committee is established as a judicial institution. There are a Supreme Court and a General Prosecutor's Office. Currently, there are over 30 registered political parties in Sudan. The main ones are:

(1) The Popular Congress Party was founded by Dr. Hassan Abdullah Al Turabi in June 2000. Dr. Turabi served as the Speaker of the Sudanese National Assembly from 1996 to 1999. In 1999, the conflict between Turabi and President Bashir escalated, and Bashir announced the dissolution of parliament. Subsequently, Tu announced his withdrawal from the ruling National Congress Party and formed the opposition People's Congress Party. In February 2001, the People's Congress Party and the anti-government armed group Sudan People's Liberation Armed Forces signed an agreement in Geneva to jointly overthrow the Bashir regime. The Soviet government quickly responded by banning the party's activities and sealing off its party headquarters. In March 2004, Turabi was arrested and imprisoned on suspicion of a coup. In August 2007, the People's Congress Party announced the official resumption of dialogue with the National Congress. In March 2016, Turabi passed away. In March 2017, the People's Congress Party held its annual meeting and elected former Deputy Secretary Ali Al Haji as the new General Secretary. They reviewed and approved the resolution to participate in the Sudan National Reconciliation Government with conditions, becoming the first opposition party to participate in political dialogue. In May 2017, the People's Congress Party entered the cabinet to participate in politics, and former General Secretary Senussi was appointed as Assistant to the President. After April 2019, the People's Congress Party did not re-enter the cabinet to participate in politics.

(2) The Umma Party was founded by Abdulrahman Mahdi, the second leader of the Ansar Islamic sect in Sudan, in January 1945. In 1956, it jointly governed with the People's Democratic Party. The leader of the party, Sadig Al Mahdi, served as Prime Minister from 1985 to 1989. In 1989, former President Bashir launched a military coup and overthrew the government led by the Uma Party. In December 1996, Sadiq led some leaders of the Uma Party to flee to Eritrea and later to Egypt. In November 2000, Sadiq ended his exile and returned to the Soviet Union, where he began to participate in political affairs. At the end of 2011, his son Abdurahman Mahdi was appointed as an assistant to the president. In May 2014, Sadiq was arrested by the Soviet authorities and announced his withdrawal from the national dialogue after his release, returning to the opposition coalition camp. In November 2020, Sadik died of COVID-19. Fadlallah Burma Nasser served as the Chairman of the Acting Party, and Al Wathig Al Berair served as the General Secretary.

(3) The Democratic Unionist Party: Founded in 1967, it was formed by the merger of the National Unity Party and the People's Democratic Party. The current party chairman is Mohamed Othman Al Mirghani. At the end of 2011, the Democratic Alliance Party entered the cabinet to participate in politics, and Muhammad, the son of Milgani, was appointed as the assistant to the first president. After April 2019, the Democratic Alliance Party did not re-enter the cabinet to participate in politics.

Sudan is listed as one of the world's least developed countries by the United Nations, with a single economic structure, weak foundation, backward industry, and strong dependence on the natural environment and foreign aid. Benefiting from the massive export of oil and the boost of high oil prices, Sudan's economy once became one of the fastest-growing countries in Africa. The independence of South Sudan in 2011 had an impact on the Sudanese economy. In recent years, prices in Sudan have risen, the currency has depreciated, and fiscal revenue has sharply decreased. To eliminate negative impacts, the Sudanese government has gradually increased its investment in infrastructure such as water conservancy, roads, railways, power stations, as well as livelihood projects such as education and health; On the other hand, efforts should be made to change the situation where the government heavily relies on oil exports and to develop agriculture as a long-term strategy. After the outbreak of armed conflict in Sudan in April 2023, the national economy suffered a severe blow and various economic indicators rapidly deteriorated.

Main economic data (2023):

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 25.7 billion US dollars

Per capita GDP: 536 US dollars

Currency name: Sudanese Pound, SDG）

Official exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 1200 Sudanese pounds

Inflation rate: 171.5%

(Information)

【 Resources 】 There are abundant natural resources such as iron, silver, chromium, copper, manganese, gold, aluminum, lead, uranium, zinc, tungsten, asbestos, gypsum, mica, talc, diamonds, oil, natural gas, and wood.

The foundation of industry is weak, and the main industries include textile, sugar, leather, food processing, hemp, tobacco, and cement. In recent years, the Soviet government has actively adjusted its industrial structure, focusing on the development of industries such as petroleum, textiles, and sugar production. In 1999, Sudan made significant progress in oil development and became an oil exporting country. After the independence of South Sudan in 2011, 75% of Sudan's oil reserves were transferred to the south, resulting in a significant reduction in Sudan's oil production.

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main pillars of the Soviet economy. The agricultural population accounts for 70% of the total population in the country. The main grain crops are sorghum, millet, corn, and wheat. Economic crops play an important role in agricultural production, accounting for 66% of the export value of agricultural products, mainly including cotton, peanuts, sesame, and arabic gum, most of which are supplied for export. The production of long staple cotton is second only to Egypt, ranking second in the world; Flower production ranks first among Arab countries, second only to the United States, India, and Argentina in the world; Sesame production ranks first among Arab and African countries, with exports accounting for about half of the world's total; The planting area of Arabic gum is 5.04 million hectares, with an average annual yield of about 60000 tons, accounting for 80% of the world's total production.

【 Transportation 】

Railway: 7300 kilometers (2022).

Highway: 31000 kilometers (2022).

Water transportation: There are 10 ocean going merchant ships with a total tonnage of 122000 tons; The total length of inland waterway routes is 4068 kilometers, with over 300 ships. Sudan Port is the main commercial port in Sudan, with an annual throughput of 8.5 million tons and undertaking 95% of import and export transportation tasks.

Air freight: Air freight plays an important role in transportation in Sudan, with 90% of domestic transportation conducted through air freight. The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority has over 10 large jet aircraft and 67 airports across the country. Khartoum, Port Sudan, Kassala, and El Junana airports are international airports.

Pipeline transportation: There is an oil pipeline from Port Sudan to Khartoum, with a total length of 815 kilometers and an annual oil transportation capacity of 800000 tons. In 1999, the 1640 kilometer oil pipeline from Khartoum to Port Sudan in central southern Sudan began operation. After the independence of South Sudan, there were significant differences in the distribution of oil benefits such as pipeline fees between the north and the south. In January 2012, South Sudan shut down wells and suspended the use of oil pipelines in the south. After arduous negotiations between North and South Sudan, South Sudan resumed oil production and pipeline operations in April 2013. The oil pipeline agreement has expired in March 2022, and Sudan and South Sudan are negotiating a new oil transportation agreement.

Sudan has a total of 26 banks in finance. The Sudan Bank was established in 1959 as the central bank of the Sudan. All others are commercial banks, among which the Double Nile Industrial Development Bank and Khartoum Bank are state-owned.

Foreign trade plays an important role in Sudan's economy. In 2022, Sudan's total foreign trade volume was 15.44 billion US dollars, of which exports amounted to 4.35 billion US dollars and imports amounted to 11.09 billion US dollars. The United Arab Emirates, China, Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt and other countries, as well as the European Union, are its main trading partners.

The import and export situation in recent years is as follows (in billions of US dollars):