Tanzania Passport

[Country Name] The United Republic of Tanzania.

【 Area 】 945000 square kilometers, including 2657 square kilometers in Zanzibar.

【 Population 】 65.44 million (2024), of which 1.88 million are from Zanzibar. Belonging to 126 ethnic groups with a population of over 1 million, there are the Sukuma, Nyamwic, Chaga, Hehe, Makandi, and Haya ethnic groups. There are also some Arabs, Indians, and descendants of Europeans. Swahili is the national language and is the official lingua franca along with English. 32% of the residents in Tanganyika (mainland) believe in Catholicism and Christianity, 30% believe in Islam, and the rest believe in primitive fetishism; Almost all residents of Zanzibar practice Islam.

Dodoma, the capital, has a population of approximately 760000, covers an area of 2576 square kilometers, and has an average annual temperature of 22.7 degrees Celsius. (The original capital was Dar es Salaam, and the plan to relocate the capital to Dodoma is underway. Currently, foreign embassies in Tanzania are still in Dar es Salaam.)

【 Head of State 】 Samia Suluhu Hassan, the President of the United Republic of Tanzania, officially assumed the presidency in March 2021 after the death of former President John Pombe Joseph Magufuli, in accordance with the constitution.

Tanzania National Day, also known as Tanganyika and Zanzibar Union Day, is celebrated on April 26th.

【 Overview 】 Located in East Africa, south of the equator. It borders Kenya and Uganda in the north, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique in the south, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the east. The coastline of the mainland is 840 kilometers long. The eastern coastal areas and inland lowlands belong to the tropical grassland climate, while the western inland plateau belongs to the tropical mountainous climate. The average temperature in most areas is 21-25 ℃. More than 20 islands in Zanzibar have a tropical maritime climate, with hot and humid conditions throughout the year and an average annual temperature of 26 ℃.

One of the birthplaces of humanity. There were trade exchanges with Arabia, Persia, India and other places before the Common Era. In the 7th and 8th centuries, large numbers of Arabs and Persians migrated in. Arabs established an Islamic kingdom in the late 10th century, while Persians established the Sangyo Empire in the eastern coastal areas of the continent and Zanzibar. In 1886, the interior of Tanganyika was placed under German influence. In November 1917, the British army occupied the entire territory of Tanganyika. In 1920, Tanganyika became a British "mandate territory". In 1946, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution to change Tanganyika to a British "mandate territory". On May 1, 1961, Tanganyika gained internal autonomy and declared independence on December 9 of the same year. One year later, the Tanganyika Republic was established. Zanzibar became a British "protectorate" in 1890, gained autonomy on June 24, 1963, and declared independence on December 10 of the same year, becoming a constitutional monarchy ruled by the Sultan. On January 12, 1964, the people of Zanzibar overthrew the rule of the Sultan and established the People's Republic of Zanzibar. On April 26, 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar formed the United Republic of Tanzania. On October 29 of the same year, the country changed its name to the United Republic of Tanzania, with Julius Kanbalaji Nyerere serving as the founding president. He was re elected twice until he voluntarily resigned in 1985. Mwinyi was elected as the fourth President of the United Republic on October 27 of the same year and was re elected in 1990. In October 1995, Tanzania held its first multi-party general election, with Mkapa elected as the President of the United Republic and Salemin narrowly re elected as the President of Zanzibar. In October 2000, Mkapa was re elected as the President of the United Republic, and Revolutionary Party candidate Karum was elected as the President of San. In December 2005, Kikwete was elected as the President of the United Republic, and Karum was re elected as the President of San. In November 2010, Kikwete was re elected as the President of the United Republic, and the candidate of the Revolutionary Party and former Vice President of the United Republic, Shayin, was elected as the President of San. In October 2015, Magufuli was elected as the President of the United Republic. In October 2020, Magufuli was re elected and the candidate of the Revolutionary Party, Mwinyi, was elected as the President of Sang. On March 17, 2021, Ma passed away due to illness. On March 19th, Vice President Hassan took over as President in accordance with the Constitution.

The revolutionary party has long been in power and the political situation is stable. In October 1995, the first multi-party general election was held, and the opposition party, the Citizens United Front (CUF), accused the Revolutionary Party of cheating in the election and refused to recognize the government of Sangay Balsamin. In June 1996, the Revolutionary Party held a national congress, and Mkapa was elected as the party chairman, achieving unified leadership of the party and government. In November 1997, the Revolutionary Party held its fifth national congress and M was re elected as the party chairman. In October 1999, Tan's "Father of the Nation" and former President Nyerel passed away. While holding high the banner of unity and solidarity advocated by Nyerel, M vigorously strengthened the construction of the ruling party and government, and the political situation continued to remain stable. In October 2000, the Revolutionary Party won the second multi-party election with an absolute advantage. But the opposition Civic United Front refused to recognize the results of the Sang Island election and called on its supporters to hold protests, triggering large-scale bloodshed. The Mkapa government has taken resolute measures to maintain social order, while also engaging in dialogue with opposition parties and promoting the signing of reconciliation agreements between the ruling and opposition parties, thus maintaining social stability. After being re elected as the Chairman of the Revolutionary Party in October 2002, M continued to focus on economic development, poverty alleviation, and poverty reduction as the key areas of governance. At the same time, he promoted anti-corruption and good governance, eased religious and opposition conflicts, and further consolidated the ruling position of the Revolutionary Party. In December 2005, former Foreign Minister Kikwete was elected president in the third multi-party election, and the Revolutionary Party won 206 out of 232 constituency seats, accounting for 88%, in the parliamentary elections held at the same time. In June 2006, Kikwete was elected as the Chairman of the Revolutionary Party. Since taking office, Kikwete has proposed to comprehensively promote various undertakings with "new enthusiasm, new vitality, and new speed" on the basis of inheriting the domestic and foreign policies of the Mkapa period, strengthen party building and intra party unity, advocate dialogue with opposition parties, promote regular consultations between the coalition government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, increase efforts to punish corruption, and strive to shape a people-oriented and pragmatic government image. In 2008, President Kikwete successively replaced the central bank governor suspected of corruption, ordered the prime minister to resign, and reorganized the cabinet to demonstrate his determination to implement good governance. In 2010, the Revolutionary Party won the presidential and parliamentary elections with a significant advantage, and the opposition party increased its seats in parliament. In 2012, President Kikwete significantly reshuffled the government cabinet and appointed a large number of young officials at the provincial and county levels, demonstrating a determination to improve government governance and combat corruption. In November 2012, the Revolutionary Party held its eighth national congress, and Kikwete was re elected as party chairman. In October 2015, Magufuli was elected president. In July 2016, the Revolutionary Party held a special national congress and elected Magufuli as the party chairman. After taking office, President Magufuli reorganized the cabinet multiple times. In October 2020, Magufuli was re elected with a record breaking 83% of the vote, and the Revolutionary Party won 256 out of 264 directly elected seats in the National Assembly. After Ma's death in March 2021, Vice President Hassan took over as President in accordance with the Constitution.

The United Republic of Tanzania was formed by Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964, and there have been ups and downs in the joint issue since then. In December 1992, the Zanzibar government joined the Organization of Islamic Cooperation without authorization, which was strongly opposed by the coalition government. As a result, it was forced to withdraw in 1993, but the coalition dispute did not subside. After 1996, the opposition party, the Citizens' United Front, intensified its opposition to the coalition. With the firm support of the coalition government, the Sang government has taken strong measures to suppress opposition party activities and resolutely maintain the coalition system. In October 2000, after being elected as the President of Sang, Karum repeatedly expressed his stance of maintaining national unity, further cracking down on separatist forces in Sang. Since 2001, the coalition government has continued to consolidate the unity situation, maintain the united political system, seek moderate forces, combat separatist forces in Zanzibar, and provide care in budget allocation and other issues related to the vital interests of Zanzibar. The Public Revolutionary United Front no longer openly advocates separation, but instead demands more autonomy for Zanzibar. In early 2008, the Revolutionary Party negotiated with the Public Revolutionary United Front to establish a coalition government in Zanzibar, but no agreement was reached. In 2009, there was some progress in the joint issue between Tanzania and Tanzania, but the dispute between the mainland and Tanzania over the ownership of oil and gas resources in Tanzania escalated. The political reconciliation negotiations between the Revolutionary Party of Sang Island and the main opposition party, the United Front for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, resumed at the end of the year after being interrupted at the beginning of the year. President Karum of Sang held historic talks with the General Secretary of the United Front for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, Hamad, which received widespread attention from all parties. In early 2010, there was a new trend towards political reconciliation in Sangdao, and the Revolutionary Party and the Public Revolutionary Front reached an agreement to form a Sangdao Unity Government. In July of the same year, a new constitution was passed through a national referendum in Sang to establish a national unity government system. In November, the Sang general election was successfully held, and the Sang national unity government was established. In October 2015, the Zanzibar general election was declared invalid due to fraudulent behavior. In March 2016, Zanzibar held a new presidential election, and the candidate of the Revolutionary Party, Xie Yin, was successfully re elected with 91.4% of the vote. The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Zanzibar boycotted the election on the grounds that it lacked legal basis. In December 2020, the candidate of the Revolutionary Party, Mwinyi, was elected president, and the candidate of the Alliance for Change and Transparency, Hamad, was appointed as the first vice president of Sang Island. Sang established a new national unity government. In February 2021, Hamad passed away due to illness, and Osman took over as the first vice president.

The Constitution of the United Nations Republic was established in April 1977 and has been amended 14 times since then. The United Republic is divided into a coalition government and a local government in Zanzibar. The 8th constitutional amendment in 1992 explicitly stated that Tanzania is a multi-party democratic country that adheres to socialism and self-reliance policies. The 11th Constitutional Amendment of 1994 stipulated that the government of the United Republic shall have a President and one Vice President. The President shall be the Head of State, the Head of Government, and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, elected directly by the voters with a simple majority for a term of five years, renewable for one term. The President appoints the Prime Minister, who presides over the daily affairs of the coalition government. The 13th constitutional amendment in 2000 redefined the political system of Tanzania, confirming that the principles of "socialism" and "self-reliance" in the original constitution represent democracy, self-reliance, human rights, freedom, equality, friendship, and unity. After the 2010 election, there were constant calls for constitutional amendments in Tanzania. In November 2011, the Constitutional Amendment Act was passed by the parliament. In April 2012, the Constitutional Amendment Committee was established. In June and December, the first and second drafts of the new constitution were successively introduced, proposing the establishment of three governments: Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and a coalition government, reducing coalition affairs, and restricting presidential power, among other major amendments. In October 2014, the Constituent Assembly passed a new constitution draft and decided to maintain the two government structure. The new constitution draft was originally scheduled for a referendum in April 2015, but was indefinitely postponed due to technical reasons.

The current constitution of Zanzibar was established in 1979 and has undergone revisions since then. According to the revised Constitution of Sang in 2010, the President of Sang is the head of the Sang Unity Government, the Chief Minister position has been abolished, and new First and Second Vice Presidents have been established. The presidential election in the Republic of Tanzania is held simultaneously with the presidential election in the United Nations. The presidential candidate in the Republic of Tanzania is nominated by various political parties and directly elected by all voters. The candidate who receives more than half of the votes is elected for a term of 5 years and can be re elected for one term. The unity government of Sang has the authority to handle internal affairs of Sang, except for 22 joint affairs such as diplomacy, defense, law enforcement, taxation, banking, currency, foreign exchange, aviation, ports, and postal services.

The unicameral system, known as the National Assembly, is the highest legislative body of the United Republic. Parliamentary elections and presidential elections are held simultaneously, every 5 years. This parliament is the 12th parliament after independence, established in November 2020. Current Speaker Tulia Ackson (female, Tulia Ackson).

The Zanzibar People's Representative Assembly is the legislative body of the country, with the power to legislate on matters other than joint affairs. The current representative conference was elected in November 2020, with a total of 88 legal representatives, including 54 members of the Revolutionary Party. Speaker Zubeir Ali Maulid.

The government has a coalition government and a Zanzibar government. The coalition government implements a presidential system, with the cabinet consisting of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Zanzibar President, and various ministers. In August 2024, the Tanzanian Presidential Office government adjusted its cabinet, with the main members currently including Vice President Philip Isdor Mpango, Zanzibar President Hussein Ali Mwinyi, Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa Majaliwa, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy Dotto Mashaka Biteko, Presidential Office Minister at Large George Mkuchika, Presidential Office Minister of Public Affairs and Good Governance George Simbachawene, and President. The Minister of Provincial Administration and Local Government Affairs, Mohamed Omar al Muqingairuwa Omary Mchengerwa, Minister of Planning and Investment at the Presidential Palace Kitila Alexander Mkumbo, Minister of Finance Mwigulu Nchemba Madelu, Minister of Defense and National Services Stergomena Lawrence Tax, Minister of Interior Hamad Yusuf Masauni, Minister of Constitutional and Legal Affairs Palamagamba John Kabudi, Minister of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation Mahmoud Thabit Kombo, Minister of Agriculture Hussein Mohamed Bashe, Minister of Livestock and Fisheries Abdullah Hamis Ulega Hamis Ulega, Minister of Land, Housing and Human Settlements Development Deogratius John Ndejembi, Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism Pindi Chana, Minister of Mines Anthony Peter Mavunde, Minister of Transport Makame Mnyaa Mbarawa, Minister of Engineering Innocent Luga Bashungwa, Minister of Industry and Trade Selemani Jafo, Minister of Health Jenista Mbagama Mhagama, Minister of Education and Technology Adolph Mkenda, Minister of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups Dorothy Gwajima Minister of Water Resources Juma Aweso, Minister of Culture, Arts and Sports Damas Ndumbaro, Minister of Information and Communications Technology Jerry William Silaa, and others.

The main members of the current Zanzibar government are President Hussein Ali Mwinyi, First Vice President Othman Masoud Sharif, and Second Vice President Hemed Suleiman Abdulla.

There are 31 provinces with 195 counties under their jurisdiction. Among them, there are 26 provinces in mainland China and 5 provinces in Zanzibar.

The judicial system includes the Constitutional Special Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the District Court, as well as the Prosecutor's Office, the Judicial Personnel Committee, and the Permanent Investigation Committee. Zanzibar Island and Pemba Island each have an Islamic court to handle cases of violations of Islamic doctrine. Justice Ibrahim Hamis Juma and Attorney General George Masaju.

Zanzibar exercises judicial power independently, but appeals are heard by the Court of Appeal of the United Republic. Chief Justice Hamid Mahamoud Hamid and Attorney General Adeladus Kilangi.

The political party in Tanzania has gone through a process of transitioning from a multi-party system to a one party system, and then from a one party system to a multi-party system. In July 1992, it switched to a multi-party system and currently has 22 officially registered political parties. The main political parties include:

(1) Chama Cha Mapinduzi: The ruling party was formed by the merger of the former Tanganyika African National Union and the Zanzibar African Shiraz Party in 1977. The National Congress is the highest authority and is held every five years. The National Executive Committee is the highest decision-making body, and the Central Committee is responsible for leading and handling daily work. There are various levels of organizational structures such as Provincial, County, and Township Branches of Hundred Households (WARD) and Ten Households Groups (CEU), which have a profound impact on all levels of Tanzanian society. Advocate adhering to the principles of socialism and self-reliance, emphasizing the development of the economy, and establishing an equal and just society on the basis of justice, equality, and humanity. The 2000 amendment to the Tanzanian Constitution redefined the meaning of "socialism", but the Revolutionary Party has not yet revised its party constitution. In April 2021, the Revolutionary Party held a special party congress and unanimously nominated President Hassan as the party chairman. Philip Mangula, Vice Chairman of the Mainland Region, Ali Mohamed Shein, Vice Chairman of the Zanzibar Region, and Emmanuel Nchimbi, General Secretary. There are over 12 million party members.

(2) Chama Cha Demokrasiana Maendeleo: currently the largest opposition party in parliament, established in 1992. Advocate for the establishment of a separate Tanganyika government, oppose racial discrimination, and promote equality for all. Chairman Freeman Mbowe and General Secretary Vincent Mashinji. There are about one million party members.

(3) The Civil United Front: an opposition party formed in 1992 by the merger of the Sangi Baldo Party Promotion Committee and the People's Party, but its political influence is mainly concentrated on the islands of Pemba and Zanzibar. Advocate the principle of common prosperity for the people, vigorously safeguard the national interests and autonomy of Zanzibar on the issue of unity, and advocate the establishment of a coalition government and three local governments in Tanganyika and Zanzibar. During the 2015 general election, party chairman Lipomba was dissatisfied with General Secretary Hamad's support for the opposition coalition's nomination of Lovasa as the presidential candidate. He announced his resignation at one point, but later withdrew his resignation, causing the Public Democratic Front to split into the Lipomba faction and the Hamad faction. The Political Party Registration Office of Tanzania announced its recognition of the Lipomba faction, and a similar ruling was made by the Tanzanian court in 2018. Hamad and his supporters announced their departure from the Public Democratic Alliance and joined the Alliance for Change and Transparency Party.

(4) The Alliance for Change and Transparency (ACT) was registered and established in 2014, with political influence mainly concentrated on the islands of Pemba and Zanzibar. Advocate for economic development, complete government structure, and establish a fair and just coalition government based on a people-centered constitution. The party leader Zitto Kabwe, chairman Seif Sharif Hamad, deceased, and general secretary Ado Shaibu.

(5) Tanzania Labour Party: an opposition party established in 1993. President Augustine Mrema and General Secretary Harold Jaffu.

(6) United Democratic Party: an opposition party established in 1994. Advocate for the establishment of a Tanganyika government, attach importance to social development, emphasize the need to increase investment in education and healthcare, and promote land privatization. Chairman John Cheyo and General Secretary Musa Kwikima.

(7) The National Convention for Construction and Reform: an opposition party established in 1991. Mainly composed of lawyers and scholars, they demand the expansion of democracy, the protection of basic human rights and freedoms, and advocate for the establishment of three governments within a coalition system, namely the coalition government, Tanganyika government, and Zanzibar government, in order to fight for Tanganyika ethnic rights. Chairman James Mbatia and General Secretary Polisya Mwaiseje.

Other opposition parties include: The Union for Multi Party Democracy, Tanzania Democratic Alliance Party, National League for Democracy, The National Reconstruction Alliance, United People's Democratic Party, Alliance for Change and Transparency, etc.

[Important Person] Samia Suluhu Hassan, female, born in 1960, has served as a project officer for the World Food Programme in Zanzibar, executive director of the Tanzanian NGO Association, minister of labor, gender development and children's affairs, and minister of tourism, trade and investment in Zanzibar. In November 2010, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Joint Affairs in the Vice Presidential Office of Tanzania. He was elected Vice President in October 2015 and re elected in October 2020. In March 2021, former President Magufuli passed away and officially assumed the presidency in accordance with the constitutional provisions.

Economy is the least developed country. The economy is mainly based on agriculture, with barely self-sufficient food in ordinary years. Industrial production technology is low, and daily consumer goods need to be imported. In 1967, nationalization and planned economy were implemented, with the construction of collective farms as the center, and the "Wujiama" socialist movement, which was seriously detached from the national conditions, led to a serious lag in economic development. Since 1986, it has accepted the adjustment plan of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and has implemented the "Three Year Economic Recovery Plan" three times in a row. Afterwards, the Tanzanian government made poverty alleviation a key focus of government work, implemented economic reform policies centered on economic structural adjustment, promoted economic liberalization and privatization of state-owned enterprises, adhered to moderately tight fiscal and monetary policies, and achieved a slow recovery of the national economy. At the same time, close relations with Western donor countries and international financial institutions are sought to attract foreign investment, reduce external debt, and obtain more aid. Since 2001, Tanzania has established the "National Business Association" led by the President and the "Investment Guidance Committee" led by the Prime Minister, reducing taxes and fees for foreign-funded enterprises and high-tech product imports, introducing micro credit policies, and supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The IMF and World Bank have determined that Tanzania has reached the completion point of the heavily indebted poor countries initiative and will reduce its external debt by $3 billion over 20 years. In October 2002, the IMF established its first technical assistance center in Africa, the East African Technical Assistance Center, in Tanzania. In 2011, the National Development Plan Five Year Plan (2011-2015) was introduced, which identified six priority development areas: agriculture, infrastructure, industry, tourism, human resources, and information and communication. After President Magufuli took office, he actively implemented his campaign promises, vigorously promoted reforms, and focused on improving the level of government services and people's livelihoods. In 2016, the National Development Plan Five Year Plan (2016-2020) was introduced, which identified the formation of industrial economy, integration of economic and human resources development, creation of a favorable business and investment environment, and strengthening supervision as the four priority development areas. In the past decade, Tanzania's average economic growth rate has been about 7%, ranking among the top in sub Saharan Africa. The manufacturing, mining, and tourism industries have developed strongly, and the stock of foreign direct investment has continued to grow. However, long-term obstacles to economic development such as a single economic structure, outdated infrastructure, and a lack of development funds and talents still exist.

The main economic figures for 2023 are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 79.2 billion US dollars

Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate: 5.2%

Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 1209 US dollars

Inflation rate: 4.4%

Total external debt: 27.836 billion US dollars

Foreign exchange reserves: 5.09 billion US dollars

Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 2505 Tanzanian shillings

(Source: World Bank data)

【 Resources 】 Rich in mineral resources, there are 8 greenstone belts, and most of the strata belong to Archean rocks. In history, nearly 100 tons of gold have been produced. The main proven mineral resources and reserves are: 2.5 million tons of diamonds (6.5 carats/ton), 800000 tons of gold mines, 324 million tons of coal, 130 million tons of iron, 10 million tons of phosphate, 19 million tons of neodymium praseodymium rare earth metal mines, 5.7 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, and 1.529 billion cubic meters of helium gas. Except for gold mines, other mineral deposits still need to be fully developed. There are several areas with good oil storage prospects in mainland China, Zanzibar, and offshore waters. At present, multiple mining companies have been registered in Tanzania, mainly relying on foreign funds and technology, most of which are engaged in gold development. In addition, companies from Australia, Canada, Ireland and other countries are engaged in oil exploration in Tanzania; The World Bank, European Investment Bank, and other organizations are funding the development of the Songosongo gas field in Tanzania (with a proven reserve of 30 billion cubic meters), which will be constructed by the Canadian Pipeline Company; A US company is planning to build a natural gas power plant and transmission line in the Mtwara region; Another foreign company is exploring the feasibility of developing the Mnasi Bay gas field project (with proven reserves of 15 billion cubic meters) with Tanzania. The forest area is about 44 million hectares, accounting for 46% of the national land area, and produces rosewood, ebony, peach blossom heartwood, and chestnut trees. Abundant hydraulic resources, with a power generation potential exceeding 478 million kilowatts.

The manufacturing industry in mainland China is mainly focused on agricultural product processing and import substitution light industry, including textiles, food processing, leather, shoemaking, steel rolling, aluminum processing, cement, paper, tires, fertilizers, oil refining, automobile assembly, and agricultural tool manufacturing. Zanzibar's industry is mainly focused on the processing of agricultural products, including coconut processing plants, clove oil plants, rice mills, sugar mills, lime plants, water plants, power plants, and printing plants.

Agriculture, mainly consisting of planting, forestry, fishing, and animal husbandry, is the main economic pillar of Tanzania. Agriculture absorbs two-thirds of the national labor force. The total arable land area in China is 44 million hectares, with 10.2 million hectares already cultivated. The main crops include corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, etc. The major cash crops include coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, cloves, tea, tobacco, and pyrethroids. In recent years, the Tanzanian government has proposed the "Agriculture First" strategy and the Southern Economic Development Corridor plan, vigorously promoting agricultural production and continuously increasing grain production. At present, there is a surplus of self-sufficiency during the harvest season and a small amount can be exported to neighboring countries.

The service industry accounts for about half of the gross domestic product, with main activities including trade, hotels, catering, transportation, finance, real estate, etc.

The tourism industry is rich in tourism resources. The three major lakes in Africa, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), are all located on the Tanzanian border. Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa at an altitude of 5895 meters, is world-renowned. Other natural landscapes include the Ngorongoro Volcano, the East African Rift Valley, Lake Maniana, as well as historical and cultural landmarks such as the Slave City of Sang Island, the world's oldest ancient human site, and the ruins of Arab merchants. One third of Tanzania's territory is comprised of national parks, animal and forest reserves. There are 15 national parks including Serengeti and Ngorongoro, 50 wildlife reserves, 1 ecological reserve, 2 marine parks, and 2 marine reserves, with over 30000 hotel rooms.

Transportation mainly relies on road transportation.

Highway: The total length is 87581 kilometers, of which 17762 kilometers were newly built from 2005 to 2015. The total length of the Zanzibar Highway is 982 kilometers.

Railway: With a total length of 3667 kilometers, it mainly includes the Tanzania Zambia Railway, Central Railway, and East Africa Railway. It connects 17 provinces in the mainland and Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya and other countries. It is an important sea passage for landlocked countries in East Africa. At present, a new central railway standard gauge project is being built, and the existing central railway is being repaired and renovated.

Water transportation: There are four major ports along the coast: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar. Dar es Salaam Port is the main channel for import and export trade, as well as the seaport of Zambia, Burundi, Uganda, Rwanda, DRC, Malawi and other landlocked countries. The transportation on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa plays an important role in the exchange of goods and personnel between Tanzania and neighboring countries along the lake.

Air transportation: There are currently 46 airports, including Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, and Zanzibar as international airports. Dar es Salaam Airport and Kilimanjaro Airport can accommodate Boeing 747 aircraft, while Zanzibar Airport can accommodate Boeing 737 aircraft. There are also 22 domestic commercial airports and 21 general airports with simple runways. Dar es Salaam Airport, Iringa, Lindi, Moshi, and Mtwara airports have dual runways.

The export of primary agricultural products is the main focus of foreign trade, with cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, coffee, tobacco, tea, and cloves accounting for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The main export products of the industrial and mining industry include diamonds, gold, textiles, clothing, leather products, shoes, rubber, aluminum products, etc. Imports mainly consist of industrial production materials and products, including instruments, beverages, machinery and equipment, metal products, transportation vehicles, petroleum, etc. In 2023, the total foreign trade volume of Tanzania is 22.13 billion US dollars, including exports of 7.03 billion US dollars and imports of 15.1 billion US dollars. The main trading partners include China, India, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Italy, Singapore, Kenya, etc.

The Investment Promotion Center was established in 1990 to approve investment projects and provide consultation to domestic and foreign investors. The Tanzania Investment Act 1997 was promulgated in 1997. The Export Processing Zone Act was promulgated in 2002. As of the end of 2017, the stock of foreign investment attracted by Tanzania was 20.351 billion US dollars. Foreign investment is mainly concentrated in fields such as mining, tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, and communication. The Tanzanian government encourages foreign investment in agriculture, education, healthcare, as well as projects such as road, railway, airport, and hotel construction. At present, China, the United Kingdom, India, Kenya, South Africa, and other countries are the main sources of foreign investment in Tanzania, with investment from emerging economies such as China, South Africa, and India being more active. China is the largest source of foreign investment in Tanzania.

Foreign aid plays an important role in the national economy of Tanzania. In recent years, Tanzania has received approximately $900 million in foreign aid annually, with Development Partners providing assistance through General Budget Support and other means. The main development partners include the United Kingdom, India, South Africa, the Netherlands, Kenya, the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, as well as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and others.

The national medical conditions are relatively poor, with a total of 3565 public medical institutions and 1959 private medical institutions. There are a total of 26030 hospital beds in the country. The ratio of doctors to population is 1:64000, far below the World Health Organization's recommended 1:10000. Malaria is a serious disease, with approximately 300000 people dying from it every year. In 2022, the adult AIDS infection rate in Tanzania will be 4.3%. In 2023, the population growth rate in Tanzania is 2.9%, and the infant mortality rate is 4.1%.

The armed forces are composed of the People's National Defense Army, police force, National Service Corps, and militia. The President concurrently serves as the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, with the highest military decision-making and command bodies being the National Defense and Security Council and the National Defense Forces Headquarters, respectively. The National Defense Force was established in 1964 with a total strength of 28000, including 23000 in the army, 1900 in the navy, and over 3000 in the air force. General Venance Mabeyo, Commander of the National Defense Forces. The police force is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, with a total of 30000 personnel. The National Service Team was established in 1963, under the dual leadership of the Ministry of National Defense and the headquarters of the National Defense Forces, with a total of 4000 personnel. The militia unit was established in 1966 and is under the command of the National Defense Force headquarters, with a total of 80000 personnel.

Emphasize the development of ethnic culture and vigorously promote Swahili language in cultural education. There are national art committees, national language committees, library service councils, and folk culture associations. Dar es Salaam has the National Central Library and National Museum, among others.

Education: Implement free compulsory education for primary and secondary schools, with an adult literacy rate of 90.4%, making it one of the countries with the lowest illiteracy rates in Africa. In recent years, due to financial constraints and insufficient education funding, the government has proposed education reform policies to encourage private or collective schools. Development partners also prioritize education as a key investment area and invest considerable funds. Dar es Salaam University is the only comprehensive university in the country, with over 10 colleges and more than 20 teacher training institutions.

The main publications include the English language Daily News, Citizen's Daily, and The Guardian. Svashiri language newspapers include Free, Nationalist, and Workers' Daily. There are also "Express" (twice a week), English weekly "Business Times", "East African Daily", and Swahili bi weekly "Flame".

Tanzania News Agency: National News Agency, established in October 1976, with branches in various provinces of mainland China and a few journalists stationed in neighboring countries.

Tanzania Radio: National Radio, established in 1951. Located in Dar es Salaam, broadcasting in both English and Swahili.

Voice of Zanzibar Revolution: Zanzibar Radio, established in 1964, broadcasts in Swahili.

Zanzibar Television: a state-owned television station established in 1973, broadcasting programs in Swahili.

Coastal Television Network (CTN): a private television station in mainland China, established in 1994.

Independent Television (ITV): a private television station established in 1994.

[Foreign Relations] was once a famous "frontline country" that made significant contributions to the political liberation of the African continent. Adhering to a non aligned and friendly foreign policy, advocating for the development of friendly and cooperative relations with other countries on the basis of non-interference in each other's internal affairs and mutual respect for sovereignty. In recent years, there has been an increase in pragmatic tendencies, emphasizing economic interests as the core, focusing diplomatic work on domestic interests, downplaying the principle of non-interference in internal affairs, developing relationships with all donor countries, international organizations, and multinational corporations, and seeking more foreign aid and investment. Focus on creating good neighborly friendship and make every effort to promote regional economic cooperation. Actively participate in mediating regional issues related to their interests. Emphasize the relationship with Asian countries, learn from and draw on the development experience of Asian countries. It is a member state of organizations such as the United Nations, the Non Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth, the African Union, the East African Community, the Southern African Development Community, and the Indian Ocean Rim Cooperation Association. We have diplomatic relations with 115 countries.